1. Telecommunication
The exchange of information in any form (voice, data, text, images, audio, video) over networks

2. Trends in Telecommunications

3. Telecom Network Components
Terminals – any input/output device that uses telecommunications networks to transmit or receive data
Telecommunications Processors – devices that perform control and support functions
Telecommunications Channels – media over which data are transmitted and received
Computers – all sizes and types
Telecommunications Control Software – programs that control telecommunications activities

4. Telecom Network Components

5. Telecommunications Processors
Modems – convert digital signals from a computer into analog frequencies that can be transmitted over ordinary telephone lines
Multiplexers – allows a single communications channel to carry simultaneous data transmissions from many terminals

6. Bandwidth Information carrying capacity
Measured in cycles per second/Hz.
Indicates the difference between lowest and highest frequencies.
Higher the bandwidth, greater the volume of data that can be transmitted per unit time.
Narrow-band – very low BW; e.g. telegraph links.
Voice Band- telephone line with a frequency range of Hz.
Broadband – high-speed; high capacity. e.g. microwave, cable, fibre optics

7. Data Transfer Rate
Amount of data that can be transmitted through the channel.
Expressed in number of bits per second or bit rate (Bps).
Baud rate - signal change from positive to negative or vice versa.
- may not be always same as bit rate.

8. Types of Signals: Analog and Digital
Analog signal
Continuous waveform
Passes through communications medium
Used for voice communications
Digital signal
Discrete waveform
Transmits data coded into two discrete states as 1-bits and 0-bits
Used for data communications

9. Telecommunications Media
Twisted-Pair Wire – copper wire twisted into pairs. e.g. telephone system (300bps-10Mbps)
Coaxial Cable – sturdy copper or aluminum wire wrapped with spacers to insulate and protect it. e.g. Cable TV.
- faster data rate (56 Kbps-200 Mbps), larger BW.
Fiber Optics – one or more hair-thin filaments of glass fiber wrapped in a protective jacket
- Data transmitted using light beams.
- Very high BW; high data transmission rate (500 Kbps- 25Tbps)

10. Telecommunications Media

11. Wireless Technologies
Terrestrial Microwave – data transmitted with the help of microwaves. Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequency in the range of 300,00 MHz to 3000MHz.
Radio Waves – also electromagnetic waves with low frequency range of 3KHz to 30MHz.
Communications Satellites - high-earth orbit communications satellites placed in stationary geosynchronous orbits

12. Wireless Technologies
Cellular and PCS Systems – a geographic area divided into cells with one low-power transmitter device per cell used to relay calls from one cell to another
Wireless LANs –high- or low-frequency radio technology installed in an office or building
Wireless Web – wireless, Web-enabled information appliances accessing the Internet, intranets and extranets

13. Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)

14. Communication Subnet
Switching devices- used for switching data signals from source to destination point.
Telephone exchange- signals on incoming lines are transmitted to appropriate outgoing lines.
Transmission lines- that carry data signals from one host to another .
- also known as circuits or trunks.
- speed as well as efficiency depend on the speed at which the transmission lines can transmit the data.
- e.g. optical fibres, twisted pair, cable etc.

15. Switching Alternatives
Circuit Switching – a switch opens a circuit to establish a link between a sender and receiver; it remains open until the communication session is completed.
Packet Switching – messages are divided into fixed or variable length packets, and packets are sent across networks.

16. Computer Networks
Comprises of communication media, devices, software to connect two or more computer system.
enable the companies to share H/W, computer applications, and databases across the organization.
geographically dispersed employees and workgroups can share documents

17. Client and Server Networking
Client- Machine that initiates the session with another computer and request for information.
Server- computer that stores information and delivers the requested information

18. Network Topologies
Bus – all the networked devices share the same communications channel and connected to backbone by transceiver.
Ring – Ties local computer processors together in a ring.
Star – Ties end user computers to a central computer.

19. Network Topologies

20. Types of Telecom Networks
Point-to-point Communication
- point to point communication between two computers for data transmission.
- e.g. computer networks in banks
Broadcast Communication
- All the machines on the network share a single communication channel.
- message broadcasted for all receivers.
Peer-to-Peer – file-sharing software connects each PC to a central server or to another online user’s PC

21. Types of Telecom Networks
Peer-to-Peer Networks
Type of client/server distributed processing that allows two or more computers to share their resources.
In a standard client/server networks, information stored in centralized file server; Information stored across peer to peer networks is decentralized.

22. Peer to Peer Networks

23. Types of Telecom Networks
Local Area Network (LAN)
Network that connect devices sharing a common communication link and share resources within a limited geographical area.
Serves a local area like floor of a building, college or university campus.
Typical transmission speed is 100Mbps.
Within the organization, provides fast and efficient access to common bank of information.

24. Local Area Networks

25. Local Area Networks Wireless LANs
Wi-Fi (802.11b) standard: Up to 11 Mbps, low cost, high-speed mobile Internet access, links work groups
Bluetooth standard: Up to 720 Kbps, small personal area networks

26. Types of Telecom Networks
Wide Area Network (WAN)
–covers a large geographical area such as a state or a country.
May include large corporate networks, military networks, banking networks, airline reservation networks etc.
Typical transmission rates are 2Mbps, 34Mbps, 45Mbps, 625Mbps etc.
Often implemented in the form of VPN.

27. Types of Telecom Networks
Virtual Private Network (VPN)
Secure network that uses the Internet as its main backbone network
Relies on network firewalls, encryption, and other security features.
Effective for extranets and important for international businesses.

28. Types of Telecom Networks
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Network that interconnects users with computer resources in a geographical area larger than that covered by LAN but smaller than a WAN.
Covers an area between 5-50 Km diameter. (an area the size of a city).
Generally owned by either group of users or a single network provider

29. Types of Telecom Networks
Value Added Network (VAN)
A private network that can be hired by organization.
Enable the users to more closely tailor communication capabilities to their specific business needs.

30. Network Architectures & Protocols
Protocol – standard set of rules and procedures for the control of communications in a network
Network Architecture – the use of standard protocols, standard communications hardware and software interfaces; standard interface between end users and computer systems
- the goal of promoting an open, simple, flexible, and efficient telecommunications environment

31. OSI & TCP/IP Models
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) - model is a seven-layer model that serves as a standard model for network architectures
Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) – is a five layer telecommunications protocol used by the Internet

32. OSI & TCP/IP Models

33. Internet
A network made up of millions of smaller private networks, each operate independent of, or in harmony with, all the other millions of networks
Surf
Buy and sell
Download
Publish

34. Business Value of Telecommunications

35. E- Commerce and E-Business Technologies
Teleconferencing: Ability to confer with a group of people simultaneously
Data conferencing: Two or more users can edit and modify data files simultaneously
Videoconferencing: Participants are able to see each other over video screens

36. Electronic Commerce and Electronic Business Technologies
Distance learning: Education or training delivered over a distance to individuals in one or more locations
E-learning: Instruction delivered online using the Internet or private networks

37. Summary
Organizations are becoming networked enterprises using the Internet, intranets, and other telecommunications networks to support business operations and collaboration.
Telecom technology is moving toward open, inter-networked digital networks for voice, data, video and multimedia

38. Summary
Open systems with unrestricted connectivity using Internet technologies are the primary telecommunications technology drivers in e-business systems.
Companies are deriving strategic business value from the Internet, intranets etc. which enables them to disseminate information globally

39. Summary
Businesses are installing and extending intranets throughout their organizations to:
Improve communications and collaboration among individuals and teams within the enterprise
Publish and share valuable business information easily, inexpensively, and effectively via enterprise information portals
Develop and deploy critical applications to support business operations and decision making

40. Summary
The major generic components of any telecommunications network are:
Terminals
Telecommunications processors
Communications channels
Computers
Telecommunications software