1. Islam Under Attack Crusaders and Mongols

2. 1.Background to Conflict 2.Presentation 3.Making Sense of the Crusades 4.Impact on Islam and Christianity

3. How did we get to this point?

5. Jerusalem

6. Jewish Claims First occupied around 2600 BC According to Jewish scholars, the Word of God was first spoken here and all the earth grew from this spot The dust to make Adam was found here as well

7. Jerusalem Jewish Claims Jewish kingdoms, ruled by King Solomon and King David based out of Jerusalem from 1000 BC 1000 years of conflict between Egyptians, Babylonians, Sumerians, and Jewish peoples

8. Jerusalem Christian Claims Romans take over in 63 BC Life and Death of Christ Tomb of Christ nearby

9. Jerusalem Christian–Jewish Conflict Came under Christian control when Romans converted Jews banned from city for 200 years

10. Roman Rule

11. Fall of Rome

12. Byzantines

13. Remnants of the Roman Empire Largest Christian Empire Control much of the Mediterranean

14. Jerusalem Christian–Jewish Conflict In 614 AD, Jews retake the city in a siege Helped by Persians Reportedly kill all of the Christians inside Christian Byzantines retake the city after 15 years, again killing and driving off Jewish forces

15. Enter Islam………………… …..

16. Current Views of Islam

18. Arab History Arabs NOT the same as Muslim Distinct ethnic group from Arabia Ancient people with a deep history

19. Arab History Split between nomadic Bedouins and Semites who live in cities Two groups worked together to build long trade routes, develop writing, and advance agriculture, math, astronomy, and medicine

20. Islamic History In 610 AD, Muhammad is visited by archangel Gabriel Brought by Gabriel to Jerusalem where he sees God and Prophets Receives the Word which becomes the Qu’ran

21. Islamic History Starts as a rebellious belief in monotheism, human equality, and freedom for the poor and slaves Series of prophets, including Moses, Christ, and ending with Muhammad

22. Islamic History Muhammad forced to leave Mecca Travels to Medina and establishes a new government Repels three separate attacks from Mecca Returns and conquers Mecca, sets sights on the rest of Arabia Medina Mecca Jerusalem

23. Islamic History From the beginning Islam is connected to warfare But is also a cause of social justice for the oppressed Emphasizes learning, scholarship, ethics, and the creation of law Mecca Medina Jerusalem

24. 622-632 AD

25. Jerusalem Muslim forces defeat Christian Byzantines in 634 AD with help of Jewish forces Jews and Christians allowed to live in city Distinct holy areas for each group

26. 632-661 AD

27. Expansion Islamic faith moves beyond Arabia Mix of conversion and military expansion Brings sustained conflict with Byzantines 632-661 AD

28. 661-750 AD

29. War with Christians 100 years of conflict in North Africa Islamic leaders dream of a new world order Conquer Spain and get a foothold in Europe Byzantines largely defeated and left controlling Turkey 661-750 AD

30. War with Christians Took possession of major libraries and research centers of the Ancient World Technological, scientific, philosophic, and ethical teachings of Greece, Rome, and Egypt 661-750 AD

31. Consolidation Expansion largely stops Develop new sciences, medicine, and inventions Islamic leaders consolidate power at home End of conflict? 750-1000 AD

32. Crusades Begin

33. Conflict Focused in Turkey Border Between Christian Europe and Islamic World Last Hold of Byzantines

34. Crusades Through Muslim Eyes Cheat Sheet Franj = Frankish = Occidentals = Europeans Tartars= Mongols Orient = Turkish = Seljuk = Muslim Byzantine = Rum = Roman = Greek

35. Why did the Franj attack? Crusades Through Christian Eyes

36. Pope Urban II Crusades Through Christian Eyes

37. Pope Urban II Received call for help from Byzantine Emperor Preached and demanded for an attack against Muslims Called for a holy war to reclaim Jerusalem Crusades Through Christian Eyes

38. Pope Urban II Popes and Kings in conflict Division between Eastern and Western Church Europe filled with minor lords fighting one another Crusades Through Christian Eyes

39. Pope Urban II How did he convince Europe to go to war? What were the reasons he gave? What other reasons might he have? Crusades Through Christian Eyes

40. Pope Urban II Concern for other Christians Control over militaries Reuniting Church European warriors fighting each other Idealism and millennial beliefs Crusades Through Christian Eyes

41. Peter the Hermit

42. The People’s Crusade 40,000 unskilled men, women, the elderly, and even children march to reclaim the Holy Land Unruly horde with little leadership

43. The People’s Crusade Anti-Muslim preaching also led to Anti- Jewish attacks in Europe In one town, Mainze, 1,100 Jews were killed by the Crusaders

44. The People’s Crusade When the crusade reaches Constantinople they are largely leaderless and interested in pillaging and killing Byzantine Emperor sends them out to be killed by the Turks

45. The Prince’s Crusade Princes from Germany and France gathered an army and marched toward Jerusalem Defeat of Nicaea and Antioch

46. The Prince’s Crusade Make it to Jerusalem with little problem Jerusalem falls after a short siege Establish Christian states in Middle East

47. 200 Years of Crusades Christians eventually pushed out of Holy Lands Two centuries of attacks on Muslims Never regain Jerusalem again

48. Lasting Effects – Muslim World Leadership goes from Arab to Turkish hands Very little learned from Europeans Islamic world becomes “inward- facing” Jihad becomes rallying cry for holy wars Continuing animosity with Christians

49. Lasting Effects – Christian World Europeans learn great deal from Muslims Reconnect with Silk Road Church solidified power Legitimate using force to take over lands of pagans

50. Lasting Effects – Middle East Continued religious conflict Remains prize for Christians, Jews, and Muslims Presence of oil complicates everything