1. Monocolonial Antibody

2. IB Learning Objective Describe the production of monoclonal antibodies.

3. Monoclonal Antibody Definition Antibody produced by a single clone (type) of B lymphocytes It consists of a population of identical antibody molecules.

4. Monoclonal Antibody Uses A monoclonal antibody has many uses in medicine because: –They are stable molecules –They can be used over a long period of time

5. Monoclonal Antibodies Production They are made from genetic engineering using mouse cells. See page 357 in pink IB textbook

6. Monoclonal Antibodies Production 1.Antigens that correspond to desired antibody are injected into an animal (usually a mouse) 2.B-cells are produce by the above animal and the antibodies produced by B-cells are removed.

7. Monoclonal Antibodies Production 3.Tumour cells are obtained. These cells grow and divide endlessy. 4.B-Cells from above animals are fused with tumour cells, producing a cell called a hybridoma. 5.These hybridoma divide endlessly and produce a lot of the desire antibodies.

8. Monoclonal Antibodies Production 6.The hybridoma cells are culture & the antibodies they produce are purified and extracted

9. Monoclonial Antibodies Videos http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/olc/dl/120110/micro43.swfhttp://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/olc/dl/120110/micro43.swf http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/a nimations/content/monoclonalantibodies.ht mlhttp://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/a nimations/content/monoclonalantibodies.ht ml

10. IB Learning Objective Describe the use of monoclonal antibodies.

12. Uses of Monoclonal Antibodies Determine/ diagnose pregnancy –Pregnant women produce a urine with high concentration of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) –Monoclonial antibodies that bond with HCG have been engineered to also carry color granules. –Thus a change in color in a pregnancy test confirms pregnancy.

13. Uses of Monoclonal Antibodies Treatment of Disease –Cancer cells carry specific tumour-associated antigens (TAA) on the cell (plasma) membrane –Monoclonial antibodies to TAA have been produced…. –These antibodies as carry drugs to kill the cancer cell

14. Uses of monoclonal Antibodies Treatment of Rabies using monoclonal antibodies: Rabies infection can be quickly an effectively treated by the direct injection of antibodies The antibodies are synthesis ed by monoclonal antibody technology This is an effective treatment for a very serious infection Other applications Cancer Treatment Transplant Tissue Typing Purification of industrial products

15. Monoclonal Antibodies Virtual Lab http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/immuno logy-virtual-labhttp://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/immuno logy-virtual-lab

16. Viruses & Vaccinations

17. IB Assessment Statement Explain the principle of vaccination

18. Vaccines A weakened (attenuated) pathogen is injected into the body to generate an immune response and produce memory B cells. Vaccines don’t prevent infections, but on subsequent exposure to the pathogen the secondary immune response is faster.

19. Response of the Immune System to a Vaccine. V= Vaccination I=Infection Sometimes two or more vaccinations are needed to stimulate the production of enough antibodies to fight off a disease.

20. First Vaccination V= Vaccination I=Infection The first vaccination causes little antibody production and the production of some memory cells.

21. Second Vaccination V= Vaccination I=Infection The second vaccination, called a booster shot causes a response from the memory cells & therefore a faster & greater production of antibodies.

23. Vaccination Summary There are many diseases in which the primary infection stage can do considerable damage to the body. Some of these are serious enough to be fatal. Vaccination (immunisation) uses modified pathogens (Antigen) which have significantly reduced pathogenicity. The pathogen organism in some vaccines is dead and in others is weakened (attenuated). These vaccines carry the pathogen antigen (epitope) and therefore stimulate clonal selection and the development of immunological memory but without developing the disease symptoms or signs

24. Viruses differ in shape and in ways of entering host cells. Viruses have a simple structure. –genetic material (RNA or DNA) –capsid, a protein shell –maybe a lipid envelope, a protective outer coat capsid nucleic acid lipid envelope surface proteins capsid nucleic acid lipid envelope Surface proteins capsid surface proteins nucleic acid helical (rabies) polyhedral (foot-and-mouth disease) enveloped (influenza)

25. . colored SEM; magnifications: large photo 25,000; inset 38,000x

26. Bacteriophages infect bacteria. capsid DNA tail sheath tail fiber

27. Relative Sizes viruses 50-200 nm prokaryotics cells 200-10,000 nm eukaryotics cells 10,000-100,000 nm 1 nanometer (nm) = one billionth of a meter

28. IB Assessment Statement Discuss the benefits and dangers of vaccinations

31. VIDEOS Ted Talks on Vaccine https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=19KkF CQz8WQhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=19KkF CQz8WQ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nncPtx LCPrEhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nncPtx LCPrE