1. M.Hosseinzadeh EDC Translation Art or Skill Session

2. M. Hosseinzadeh Introduction The term 'culture' addresses three salient categories of human activity: the 'personal,' whereby we as individuals think and function as such; the 'collective,' whereby we function in a social context; and the 'expressive,' whereby society expresses itself. Language is the only social institution without which no other social institution can function; it therefore underpins the three pillars upon which culture is built.

3. M. Hosseinzadeh Introduction ” Translation is in theory impossible, but in practice fairly possible ” Mounin, G. (1967) Les problèmes théotitiques de la traduction.Paris ”substitute the text material of one language (SL) by the equivalent text material of another language (TL)” Catford, J. C. (1965), A Linguistic Theory of Translation, Oxford Press, England

4. M. Hosseinzadeh Definition ”Translation consists of producing in the target language the closest natural equivalent of the text material of the source language, in the first hand concerning meaning, in the second hand concerning style. Nida, E. (1975), A Framework for the Analysis and Evaluation of Theories of Translation, in Brislin, R. W. (ed) (1975), Translation Application and Research, Gardner Press, New York.

5. M. Hosseinzadeh Important factors Message Audience Translation

6. M. Hosseinzadeh Equivalence form meaning style effect

7. M. Hosseinzadeh Formal and Dynamic Equivalence Formal equivalence focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content. It aims to allow the reader to understand as much of the SL context as possible. Dynamic equivalence is based on the principle of equivalent effect, i.e. that the relationship between receiver and message should aim at being the same as that between the original receivers and the SL message. (Nida75)

8. M. Hosseinzadeh Levels translation at the level of word (word for word translation) translation at the level of sentence, and conceptual translation

9. M. Hosseinzadeh Levels In conceptual translation, the unit of translation is neither the word nor is it the sentence; rather it is the concept. The best example is the translation of idioms and proverbs

10. M. Hosseinzadeh Translator What skills do a translator need

11. M. Hosseinzadeh L1 and L2 proficiency. The four language skills of reading, writing, listening, and speaking have always been targeted, but there seem to be some shortcomings

12. M. Hosseinzadeh Translator need to be exposed to a variety of genres in L1 and L2, including Persian and English literature, so as to obtain a thorough and deep understanding of both languages

13. M. Hosseinzadeh Writing courses practicing various styles of writing in both L1 and L2 are essential, in addition to courses presenting the techniques and principles of editing, punctuation, and note-taking in both languages, for they increase the students' sensitivity to the differences between discoursal strategies in the two languages and improve the speed and organization of translation and interpreting process

14. M. Hosseinzadeh According to London Institute of Linguistics, to be a scientific translator one should have: Broad knowledge of the subject-matter of the text to be translated; A well-developed imagination that enables the translator to visualize the equipment or process being described;

15. M. Hosseinzadeh Intelligence, to be able to fill in the missing links in the original text; A sense of discrimination, to be able to choose the most suitable equivalent term from the literature of the field or from dictionaries;

16. M. Hosseinzadeh The ability to use one’s owns language with clarity, conciseness and precision; Practical experience in translating from related fields. In short, to be technical translator one must be a scientist, or engineer, a linguist and a writer (cf. Gasagrade, 1954: 335-40; Giles, 1995; Latfipour, 1996).

17. M. Hosseinzadeh The quality mainly depends on the successful handling of the linguistic elements of both English and Persian including grammar, lexicon, and field- related registers. It also harbors translating competence, which includes structurization, contextualization, mastery over programs of expression in both English and Persian, and knowledge of the alternative standards of equivalence

18. M. Hosseinzadeh Tips Make sure that you are the first reader Set aside enough time Be honest Respect your audience Communicate with editors