1. MIXTURES AND SOLUTIONS

2. MIXTURE a combination of substances in which the individual components retain their own properties. a combination of substances in which the individual components retain their own properties. EXAMPLES; EXAMPLES;

3. SOLUTION Mixture in which one or more substances are distributed evenly in another substance Mixture in which one or more substances are distributed evenly in another substanceExamples: SOLUTE- the substance that YOU put into the solution (gets dissolved) SOLVENT- the substance that does the dissolving

4. How do we measure solutions? CONCENTRATION- amount of solute dissolved in a fixed amount of solution. (usually 100mL) CONCENTRATION- amount of solute dissolved in a fixed amount of solution. (usually 100mL) SATUARATED SOLUTION- when no more solute can be dissolved in the solution SATUARATED SOLUTION- when no more solute can be dissolved in the solution

5. Differences between a mixture and solution Solution has a uniform color Solution has a uniform color Mixture is much easier to separate out the substances Mixture is much easier to separate out the substances

6. ACIDS AND BASES Created by the DISSOCIATION of a water molecule. DISSOCIATION- is the breaking apart of a water molecule H 2 O  H + + OH - OH - is known as the HYDROXIDE ION and a high number of these makes the solution a base (alkaline)

7. ACIDS AND BASES The H+ ion can bond with other water molecules to form a HYDRONIUM ION H 3 O + The H+ ion can bond with other water molecules to form a HYDRONIUM ION H 3 O + A high amount of HYDRONIUM IONS makes the solution an acid. A high amount of HYDRONIUM IONS makes the solution an acid.

8. pH SCALE We measure the acidity or alkalinity (basicity) by finding the ratio of hydroxide ions to hydronium ions. We measure the acidity or alkalinity (basicity) by finding the ratio of hydroxide ions to hydronium ions. We measure it on a pH scale of 0 to 14 with 7 being neutral. We measure it on a pH scale of 0 to 14 with 7 being neutral. Pure water has a pH of 7. Pure water has a pH of 7.

9. ACID ACID- has a greater number of hydronium ions ACID- has a greater number of hydronium ions -have sour taste (examples) -highly corrosive to metal - 0 to 6.9 on the pH scale

10. BASE BASE- has a greater number of OH- ions -has a bitter taste (examples) - highly corrosive to organic matter -7.1 to 14 on the pH scale -feels slippery

11. pH SCALE 7 0 14 6 8 5 9 1 13

12. pH SCALE How to use the pH scale. Moving one number away from neutral increases the strength 10X Example: In order to NEUTRALIZE an acid it is best to use a base of the same strength. Example: