1. Solutions can be Dilute or Concentrated
A dilute solution has a small amount of solute in a large amount of solvent.
A concentrated solution has a large amount of solute within a solvent
example: orange juice

2. Definitions Solutions can be classified as saturated or unsaturated.
A saturated solution contains the maximum quantity of solute that dissolves at that temperature.
An unsaturated solution contains less than the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve at a particular temperature

3. Definitions
SUPERSATURATED SOLUTIONS contain more solute than is possible to be dissolved
Supersaturated solutions are unstable.

5. Acids and Bases

6. Acids An acid is a substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+).
Properties
Examples
Sour taste
batteries
Conduct Electricity
Vinegar
Donates proton or H+
All acids contain H
Citrus Fruits
Turns litmus paper red
Hydrochloric Acid

7. Bases A base is a substance that can accept hydrogen ions. Properties
Examples
Bitter taste
soaps
Slippery to the touch
Dissolves fats or oils
Chalk
accepts proton
All bases contain OH
ammonia
Turn Litmus paper Blue
Calcium Hydroxide

8. pH (potential of Hydrogen) is a measure of how acidic or basic a solution is.

9. A pH of a solution depends on the concentration of hydrogen (H+).
The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14.
7 is neutral.
Acids range from 0-7.
Bases range from 7-14.

10. pH of Common Substances
Timberlake, Chemistry 7th Edition, page 335

11. Acids and bases neutralize each other.
When the negative ion of an acid joins the positive ion of a base, they form a substance called a _______________.
An acid-base reaction is called a _____________________________ reaction.
Acids donate hydrogen ions, and bases accept hydrogen ions.
When the negative ion of an acid joins the positive ion of a base, they form a substance called a salt
An acid-base reaction is called a neutralization reaction.

12. An indicator is a compound (dye) that changes color in an acid or base or in both.

14. Phenol red: Phenolphthalein: Orange/yellow = acids
clear = acids and neutral
pink = bases
Phenol red:
Orange/yellow = acids
red = neutral pink = bases