1. Operation Service Diagnosis
Battery
Operation
Service
Diagnosis

2. Battery
Source of Energy
Reserve while running
Stabilizer
P - C117

3. Battery
Converts chemical energy into electrical energy

4. Cells
# of cells
Cell voltage
How cells are connected
P - C120

5. Chemistry
During charging and discharging

6. Charged + = Pb O2 (Pure lead peroxide) - = Pb (Sponge lead)
Solution = H2 SO4
Solution of Sulfuric acid & water

7. Discharging + = PbSO4 - = PbSO4 Plates turn to Lead Sulfate
Solution = H2O

8. Why do batteries freeze?

9. Reversing the cycle again

10. During discharge During charge
Battery Gassing
During discharge
During charge

11. Batteries do blow up

12. Precautions Remove ground terminal first Connect ground last Corrosive
Jumper/charger on block
Corrosive

13. Precautions when jumping a battery when using a charger
when disconnecting a cable
when using any flame source

14. P -C119
Construction

15. Positive plate
Negative plate
Separator
Grid

16. P - C 118
Conventional Battery

17. Maintenance Free - pluses
Larger plates
Resistance to overcharging
Longer shelf life
Higher cold cranking rate
P - C125

18. Maintenance Free - faults
Grid growth - hot
Can’t take being deep cycled
Low reserve capacity
Drain quick with a parasitic load
Shorter life

19. P - C124
Low maintenance

20. Hybrid Batteries Calcium in the neg. plates
Antimony in the pos. plates
Allows deep cycling
Marine
Golf carts etc..
P -C125

21. Recombination Has gel instead of liquid Result - no gassing
P - C127
Has gel instead of liquid
Result - no gassing
higher cell voltage .1
cold starting

22. Terminals Post Side Terminal “L” terminal leakage specialty and import
P - C127

23. Temperature
0’ = 40%
Charge
Plate area
Impurities
Gassing

24. Causes of battery failure

25. Causes of failure Electrolyte level Overcharging Undercharging
Corrosion
Cycling
Temperature
Vibration

26. State of charge testing

27. Hydrometer
Ball Style

28. Hydrometer
float Style

29. Battery Refractometer

30. Open Circuit Voltage Test
Battery Voltage with the car off.
Sealed batteries
Remove surface charge
12.66 = fully charged
12.4 = 3/4 charged
P - L128

31. A battery Must be 3/4 charged before doing a battery capacity test

32. Before load testing - Check the temp.

33. The right battery for the vehicle
Before load testing you must know what the battery is, or should be rated at

34. Ratings Cold cranking Amperes rating CCA Cranking Amperes rating CA
P -C128
Cold cranking Amperes rating CCA
Cranking Amperes rating CA
Ampere-hour rating
Reserve capacity rating
Watt hour rating

35. Battery capacity rating
Cold Cranking Amperes - CCA most common “Number of amperes load of battery will maintain at 0 degrees Fahrenheit for 30 seconds without battery voltage falling below 7.2 volts” (1.2 volts per cell)
size of engine should be smaller than cold cranking ampere

36. Do not be misled by CA that’s just cranking amps
Do not be misled by CA that’s just cranking amps. It will give you a higher reading but it misleads you because it is tested at a higher temperature.
Cranking amps are the numbers of amperes a lead-acid battery at 32 degrees F (0 degrees C) can deliver for 30 seconds and maintain at least volts per cell (7.2 volts for a 12 volt battery).

37. Recommended Minimum battery size
4-cylinder 400 CCA
6-cylinder 500 CCA
8-cylinder 575 CCA

38. Battery types
WET CHARGE shipped with electrolyte must charged during storage
DRY CHARGE shipped empty manufacture gives forming charge dries the cell elements and seals it. If you keep moisture out it will remain fully charged for long time. When needed just add electrolyte

39. Battery checking visual Inspection

40. Battery checking visual Inspection
cracked or leaking case
liquid level, add water use distilled water preferred (No minerals) or ice melted out of a freezer
Voltage can discharge across top from post to post
clean battery top and post and cables, battery hold downs

41. visual Inspection

42. Removing Batteries
Always Disconnect the ground cable first. (Negative Cable on cars)
Always hook up the ground cable last
If you disconnect the positive first and touch ground you will have sparks.

43. Removing Batteries
Always make sure you have a way to keep the memory alive (Computer, radio, etc) when you replace the battery.

44. Cleaning The Battery mix baking soda and water to clean batteries
clean post and cable with a terminal brush or post cutter
coat all connections with grease or use a spray like NOCO NCP-2 Battery corrosion spray

45. Formula for load testing
Three times the
ampere-hour rating
P - L130 Capacity Test

46. Formula for load testing
Cold cranking amps
divided by 2

47. Three minute charge test
Tests for a sulfated battery
40 amps for three minutes
Should be below 15.5 volts

48. Battery Drain test or System drain test
This is done When a battery goes dead for no apparent reason. Charging system seems to work OK Yet after charging the battery it is dead after several nights.

49. Battery Drain test or System drain test
Ammeter is hooked in series at the battery post with everything off Make sure you close the door or the courtesy lights will be on
GM .1
P - L137-L139 lab

50. Make sure you change the leads on the meter to amps
Battery Drain test
Make sure you change the leads on the meter to amps

51. Battery Drain test
Make sure you change the leads

52. Battery Drain Specifications
77 & older cars .01 A 10mA
A mA
1986 & Newer .05A mA
This is just a best guess

53. Battery leakage test Voltmeter – lead at negative post
Voltmeter + lead drag across battery
No voltage should be present anywhere if it is clean the battery
P - L126 lab.

54. Terminal Test
This is just a voltage drop test done on the battery terminals. You must disable the ignition and crank over the engine. Should be under .2 volts Make sure you do both terminals

55. P - L122 lab
Fast / Slow charging

56. Fast / Slow charging P - L122 lab Clean up Battery first
unhook cables - check liquid level
don't charge over 16 volts. If plates are sulfated or if battery has been discharged for some time
slow charge for a long period 24 hours (about 2 Amps) don't allow temperature to exceed 100
never fast change batteries
Fast / Slow charging

57. Use a Mixture of water and Baking soda
Battery cleaning
Use a Mixture of water and Baking soda
A commercial battery cleaner or Coca-Cola Rinse off with water or you will have a sticky mess.
P - L134 lab

58. The End
That's all for this battery