1. SPWSTAC 2006 Arsenic Treatment and Monitoring for Small Water Systems 2006 NGWA Ground Water Summit J. Mitchell Spear, Charles A. Cole, Yuefeng Xie and Alison Shuler Penn State Harrisburg

2. Objectives Assist small public water systems better achieving arsenic compliance  Evaluate several arsenic field test kits used for operational monitoring  Perform a demonstration case study on a POU treatment device for removal of arsenic in a small public water system SPWSTAC 2006

3. Overview  Arsenic field test kit evaluation  POU Case Study  Community Background  POU Installations  Arsenic Removal Results  POU Costs  Summary SPWSTAC 2006

4.  Evaluate several commercially available field test kits and determine reliability and applicability to water utilities currently conducting noncompliance arsenic analyses. Arsenic Test Kits Evaluation SPWSTAC 2006

5.  Laboratory performance  Accuracy  Precision  Linearity  Operator performance  “ease of use” Methods SPWSTAC 2006

6. Field test kits SPWSTAC 2006

7. General Characteristics Test KitConcentration Intervals Number of Reagents Test Time (min) BVC-100 10, 25, 50, 100, 500 213 ECO-W100 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 300, 500, 750 435 Hach 10, 30, 50, 70, 300, 500 540 LaMotte 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 100, 140, 160 316 Merck 10, 25, 50, 100, 500 232 Quick II 1, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12, 14, 20, 30, >30, >40, >60, >80, >100 316 Trace Detect Continuous 310 SPWSTAC 2006

8. General Characteristics Test Kit Sample size (ml) Unit Price ($ US dollars) Samples per kit$ Cost / test BVC-100 1030.001000.30 ECO-W100 1036.001000.36 Hach 50106.001001.06 LaMotte 250153.00503.06 Merck 1069.601000.70 Quick II 100219.99504.40 Trace Detect 5012,500.0050002.50 SPWSTAC 2006

9. US EPA approved US EPA approved EPA Method 7060A Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorbance (GFAA)EPA Method 7060A Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorbance (GFAA) SPWSTAC 2006 Reference Method

10. Laboratory Performance SPWSTAC 2006 Accuracy and Precision Traditionally (Method Detection Limit)Traditionally (Method Detection Limit) Accuracy (percent recovery) Accuracy (percent recovery) % Recovery = ConcTestKit / ConcGFAA * 100 % Recovery = ConcTestKit / ConcGFAA * 100 Precision (standard deviation) Precision (standard deviation) Arsenic III, V, III + V Arsenic III, V, III + V Concentration Concentration Replicates Replicates

11. SPWTAC 2006 Percent Recoveries

12. SPWSTAC 2006 Linearity 5, 10, 25, 50, 75 ug/L Test KitSlopeY-intercept BVC0.28- 2.4 ECO0.66- 4.1 HACH0.73- 6.5 LaMotte0.853.2 Merck0.56- 4.1 Quick II0.771.4 Trace Detect0.90- 1.5

13. Operator “Ease of Use” SPWSTAC 2006

14. Applications  Routine monitoring  Pilot testing  Monitoring raw water  Monitoring removal efficiencies  Testing reliability of surrogate analyses  i.e. conductivity on RO devices  Offset required compliance monitoring? SPWSTAC 2006

15.  Perform POU evaluation to determine arsenic removal efficiency and applicability to small water utilities for centralized management as a potential cost savings technology for achieving compliance. POU Demonstration SPWSTAC 2006

16. Background System selection  Mohrsville, PA Population size375 Service Connections125 Production (GPD)17000 Storage Capacity (Gallons)125000 Well1 Disinfectant12.5% sodium hypochlorite SPWSTAC 2006

17. Treatment Design POU Treatment Design SPWTAC 2006

18. Installations SPWSTAC 2006

19. Installations  Licensed Plumber  9 POU units installed TimeMinutes Average102 Mode60 Minimum35 Maximum225 SPWSTAC 2006

20. Initial Results on Arsenic Removal POU I.D.Raw water (µg/L)Treated water (µg/L) GFAAField TestGFAAField Test 120.020<1.5< 4 215.518<1.5< 4 318.818<1.5< 4 417.718<1.5< 4 526.120<1.5< 4 625.920<1.5< 4 725.120<1.5< 4 823.518<1.5< 4 923.820<1.5< 4 Avg21.819.1<1.5< 4 SPWSTAC 2006

21. Monitoring Results on all POUs by GFAA SPWSTAC 2006

22. POU Piloting Costs (1 st year) ItemsDollar amount Installation 90.00 POU system 267.50 T-valve 6.50 Housing 95.00 Pre filter (2X/year) 18.00 Carbon Filter (2X/year) 36.00 Isolux™ 70.00 Flow Meter 42.00 Field testing (2X) 6.00 Compliance testing 15.00 Operation & Maintenance* 0 - 200.00 Total378.50 - 578.50

23. POU Annual Cost Capital Costs $ 2004 Installation90.00 T-Valve6.50 Housing95.00 Flow meter42.00 Total233.50 6% for 10 years317.30 Total (yearly)31.73 Total (monthly)2.64 SPWSTAC 2006 Operating Costs $ 2004 Pre-filter18.00 Carbon filter36.00 Isolux™70.00 Field testing6.00 Compliance15.00 O & M200.00 Total (yearly)345.00 Total (monthly)28.75 Total - $31 / unit / month

24. Management Plan Template  Find Technical Assistance  Community Outreach and Education  POU Vendor Selection  Establishing Control of POU  Determining Service Charges SPWSTAC 2006

25. Management Plan Template  Securing Funding  Educate Technicians (install, O&M, etc.)  Ensuring Access  Managing Files and Records SPWTAC 2006

26. Conclusions Performance varies on arsenic field test kits Test Kits can be used for operational monitoring POU effective for removing arsenic POU may be more economical solution in very small water systems POU and field test kits can represent cost saving when appropriately applied SPWSTAC 2006

27. Acknowledgements US EPA Small Public Water Systems Technology Assistance Center Grant Magnesium Elektron, Inc. and Jim Knoll for their technical guidance The PA DEP District Office, Alice Renshaw (President of Mohrsville Water Association) and participating homeowners for their cooperation Mark Zhou, Ralaene Gabriel, Peng Chen, Mukesh Pratap, Brian Montalbano, Paul Deardorff, and Julia Stiles Trace Detect for loan of their instrumentation SPWSTAC 2006