1. Vertebrae, Spinal cord, Lymph nodes, Thymus
Thorax Part 2
Vertebrae, Spinal cord, Lymph nodes, Thymus

2. Be able to spell & define:MQ #2
when
fin’d
Vertebra / vertebrae 11. paralysis
Intervertebral disk 12. paraplegia
Degenerative quadriplegia
Cervical lumbar puncture
Thoracic lymph / lymphoid
Lumbar thymus
Sacrum T-cells
Coccyx Helper T-cells
Meninges Killer T-cells
Cerebrospinal fluid

3. 5. Vertebrae, aka spine, vertebral column
Functions:
Support head
Attach ribs
Protects spinal cord
1 vertebra
2 vertebrae

5. Each vertebra is separated by a disc of cartilage
Spinal cord
Each vertebra is separated by
a disc of cartilage
(intervertebral disk)
1 inch diameter x ¼ inch thick

6. This disc cushions like a shock absorber
Prevents bone rubbing against bone

7. As we age….
Disks thin > loss of height
Become less flexible
Become more prone to injury

8. Degenerative Disk Disease
Area of spine most affected
6 possible S/S
Tx’s

9. 5 areas of vertebral column
1. cervical vertebrae
Neck bones
C1 – C7
Smallest vertebrae

10. 5 areas of vertebral column
2. thoracic vertebrae
Bones of chest/upper back
T1 – T12
Larger than cervical
Ribs attach here

11. 5 areas of vertebral column
3. lumbar vertebrae
Bones of lower back
L1 – L5
Largest vertebrae

12. 5 areas of vertebral column
4. sacrum
Wedge-shaped
5 fused vertebrae
Back of pelvis
Hips attach here

13. 5 areas of vertebral column
5. coccyx
Tailbone
4 fused vertebrae

14. 5 minutes to create a mnemonic C (soft) T L S C (hard)
Cindy
Took
Lisa’s
Sugar
Cookies
5 minutes to create a mnemonic C (soft) T L S C (hard)

15. Scoliosis = condition of being crooked
Girls > boys
Teens
Can be asymptomatic
Can interfere c organs

16. 6. Spinal Cord Meninges = 3 layers of membranes
Extension of brain > L2
White, soft, delicate nerve tissue
Protected by meninges, CSF & vertebrae
≈ 1 cm diameter (pinky)
Cells CANNOT regenerate ***
CSF = cerebrospinal fluid

19. 6. Spinal Cord
2 main functions: 1. Reflex center (brain to & from body) 2. Conduction pathway (brain to & from body)

20. Same 3 sections as Vertebral Column Top 3:
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar (thru L2)

21. Off the SC, are branches known as SPINAL ROOTS/NERVES.
It is from these SPINAL ROOTS/NERVES that all other nerves appear.

22. Spinal roots in the CERVICAL area control what?

23. Spinal roots in the THORACIC region control what?

24. Spinal roots in the LUMBAR area control what?

25. Beyond L2, the SC ‘frays’ into the ‘cauda equina’ …
Beyond L2, the SC ‘frays’ into the ‘cauda equina’ …. Any guess what that means?

26. The nerves from the cauda equina (in the sacral area) control what?

27. Paralysis PARALYSIS = loss of control/sensation/voluntary movement
Severing (cutting) of SC will result in paralysis BELOW the injury
WHERE in SC determines degree of paralysis
The HIGHER in the SC, the GREATER the loss of fxn

28. AT THE PRESENT TIME…. A severed spinal cord CANNOT regenerate.
PERMANENT. Hope is on the horizon…

29. Photo paralysis / SC 5

30. Paralysis: paraplegia, quadriplegia
-plegia = paralyzed
para- = pair, near
quadri- = 4
Paraplegia = Loss of control near chest / waist area
Quadriplegia = Loss of control in neck (WORST!!!)
Aka TETRAPLEGIA
How alike? How different? 7

31. Tony Dowels

32. 6 Curing Paralysis Invivo, future cure 6

33. Lumbar Puncture aka ‘SPINAL TAP’
NEEDLE is inserted between 2 VERTEBRAE, thru the MENINGES until reaching the CSF.
A sample of CSF is withdrawn by the NEEDLE.
Test the CSF for WBC, PATHOGENS, etc.

34. Not ONLY during L&D 3 Epidurals
local anesthetic is injected near the spinal cord/nerve roots to block sensations of pain in regions such as the abdomen, hips, legs, or pelvis
Not ONLY during L&D 3

35. Appearance of normal CSF: CLEAR, like water
LP & epidural are ALIKE:
Needle into intervertebral space
Sterile technique
Know what you’re doing!
Not near Sp. Cord!
LP & epidural are DIFFERENT:
In LP, CSF is REMOVED
In E, meds are ADDED

36. 7. Lymph Nodes

37. 4 What is lymph? Straw-colored fluid containing WBC’s
Moves around in a NETWORK of LYMPH VESSELS similar to (and parallel to) BLOOD VESSELS
Bathes TISSUES & drains LYMPH VESSELS into BLOODSTREAM
SLOW moving (heart/blood much faster!)
Lymph has NO heart to pump
Our MUSCLE MOVEMENTS move lymph 4

38. British pronunciation of Capillaries (ka PILL or ees)
British pronunciation of
Capillaries (ka PILL or ees)
Circulatory (SIR cu LIT tory)

39.
Lymph System & Breast CA

40. Lymph Nodes (NOT glands!)
Little ‘bumps’ along lymph vessels. (Picture garbage cans.)
Lymph is filtered (pathogens, abnormal cells, etc.)
Contain WBC’s (picture Army barracks)
Arm pit, neck, behind ear, groin, beneath sternum, etc.
My Lymph Nodes are Swollen…what does that mean? READ THIS!

41. 8. Thymus

42. Thymus

43. Thymus Small, lymphoid structure (similar to….?
Beneath sternum, near heart
Infancy & Childhood: BIGGEST!
Makes special WBC’s called T-cells.
Puberty: shrinks in size
-ectomy in adults > no problem
-ectomy in childhood > severe immune deficiency

44. Thymus
T-cells = are special WBC’s that are made in the BONE MARROW then travel to the THYMUS to MATURE

45. Why were these cells named “T-cells”?
MATURE T-cells leave the THYMUS and travel to the SPLEEN, TONSILS & LYMPH NODES where they FIGHT INVADERS
Thymus
Why were these
cells named
“T-cells”?

46. HIV kills T-cells, esp the HELPER T-cells
2 types of T-cells
1. Helper T-cells
“scouts”
“whistle-blowers”
“organizers”
2. Killer T-cells
“assassins”
Kill virus-making cells
HIV kills T-cells, esp the HELPER T-cells

47. Thymus & T-cells

48. Thymus & T-cells
What’s important in the reading section at the end of the page?

49. MQ 2….When? On what?