1. Solid and Hazardous Waste

2. Question of the day:
From when you woke up till Eco class, make a list of all the things you have thrown away?
Do you think about the packaging of a product before you buy it? (How about those Starbucks/Wawa cups?)
How often do you reuse objects, recycle objects?

3. Question of the day:
List the top five materials that you think get thrown away into landfills.
What is the difference between a sanitary landfill and an incinerator?

4. Overview of Chapter Solid Waste Waste Prevention Hazardous Waste
Types of Solid Waste
Waste Prevention
Reducing the Amount of Waste
Reusing Products
Recycling Materials
Hazardous Waste
Types of Hazardous Waste
Management of Hazardous Waste

5. Solid Waste
US generates more solid waste per capita than any other country
1.98 kg per person per day (let’s just say 2 kg, books says 2.1kg)
Types of Solid Waste
Municipal solid waste
Solid material discarded by homes, office buildings, retail stores, schools, hospitals, prisons, etc
Relatively small portion of solid waste produced
Non-municipal solid waste
Solid waste generated by industry, agriculture, and mining

6. Zero waste family

7. Composition of Municipal Solid Waste

8. Disposal of Solid Waste
Three methods
Sanitary Landfills
Incineration
Recycling

9. Sanitary Landfill
Compacting and burying waste under a shallow layer of soil
Most common method of disposal

10. Chester County Solid Waste Authority

11. Sanitary Landfill Problems Methane gas production by microorganisms
Contamination of surface water & ground water by leachate
Not a long-term remedy
Few new facilities being opened
Closing a full landfill is very expensive

12. Q of day: What company picks up your trash?
Where does your trash go? Be specific.
What are some problems with landfills?

13. Sanitary Landfill Special Problem of Plastic Special Problem of Tires
Much of plastic is from packaging
Chemically stable and do not readily break down and decompose
Special Problem of Tires
Cannot be melted and reused for tires
Made from materials that cannot be recycled
Can be incinerated or shredded

14. Tires
Household Hazardous Waste Days
Chester County, PA
Delaware County, PA

15. Incineration Volume of solid waste reduced by 90%
Produces heat that can make steam to generate electricity
Produce less carbon emissions than fossil fuel power plants (right)

16. Incineration Types of Incinerators Mass burn (below) Modular
Refuse-derived

17. Incinerator Problems Associated with Incineration Yields air pollution
Produce large amounts of ash
Site selection often controversial

18. Chester, PA “Trash to Steam” Plant

19. Composting Includes: Reduces yard waste in landfills
Food scraps
Sewage sludge
Agricultural manure
Yard waste
Reduces yard waste in landfills
Can be sold or distributed to community

20. How to yard compost?

21. Period 5 Q of day: What are the top 3 things that are thrown away?
What is the 4th?
What can we/you do to prevent so much of the 4th going to landfills?

22. Dive!
Interesting concept

23. Waste Prevention Three Goals (1) Reduce the amount of waste
(2) Reuse products
(3) Recycle materials

24. Reducing Waste
Purchase products with less packaging

25. Reducing Waste Source reduction Pollution Prevention Act (1990)
Products are designed and manufactured in ways that decrease the volume of solid waste in the waste stream
Pollution Prevention Act (1990)
Dematerialization
Progressive decrease in the size and weight of a product as a result of technological improvements

26. Reusing Products Refilling glass beverage bottles
Heavier glass that costs more
Japan recycles almost all bottles
Reused 20 times

27. Recycling Materials Every ton of recycled paper saves: Recycle
17 trees
7000 gallons of water
4100 kwatt-hrs of energy
3 cubic yards of landfill space
Recycle
Glass bottles, newspapers, steel cans, plastic bottles, cardboard, office paper

28. Recycling Recycling Paper Recycling Glass US recycles 50%
Many developed countries are higher
Recycling Glass
US recycles 25%
Costs less than new glass
Can be used to make glassphalt (right)

29. Recycling Recycling Aluminum
Making new can from recycled one costs far less than making a brand new one

30. Recycling Recycling Metals other than Aluminum Recycling Plastic
Lead, gold, iron, steel, silver and zinc
Metallic composition is often unknown
Makes recycling difficult
Recycling Plastic
Less than 20% is recycled
Less expensive to make from raw materials

31. Recycling Recycling Tires Few products are made from old tires
Playground equipment
Trashcans
Garden hose
Carpet
Roofing materials
36% of tires are currently recycled to make other products

32. Upcycle Project-. Create! Creativity!
Terracycle
Freecycle

33. Recycling research continued
Where can you recycle materials like?
Computers

34. Single Stream recycling

35. Cell phone recycling
The After Life of Cell Phones
Terracycle- video and website

36. Integrated Waste Management

37. Question of the day 3: 1. What qualifies as hazardous waste?
2. Why do you think it needs separate disposal?
What is Superfund? (just guess)

38. Hazardous Waste
Any discarded chemical that threatens human health or the environment
Reactive, corrosive, explosive or toxic chemicals
Types of Hazardous Waste
Dioxins
PCBs
Radioactive waste

39. Management of Hazardous Waste
Chemical accidents
National Response Center notified
Typically involves oil, gasoline or other petroleum spill
Current Management Policies
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976, 1984)
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (1980)

40. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976, 1984)
The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) gives EPA the authority to control hazardous waste from the "cradle-to-grave." This includes the generation, transportation, treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous waste. RCRA also set forth a framework for the management of non-hazardous solid wastes. The 1986 amendments to RCRA enabled EPA to address environmental problems that could result from underground tanks storing petroleum and other hazardous substances.
HSWA - the Federal Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments - are the 1984 amendments to RCRA that focused on waste minimization and phasing out land disposal of hazardous waste as well as corrective action for releases. Some of the other mandates of this law include increased enforcement authority for EPA, more stringent hazardous waste management standards, and a comprehensive underground storage tank program.

41. Management of Hazardous Waste
Cleaning up existing hazardous waste: superfund program
400,000 waste sites
Leaking chemical storage tanks and drums (right)
Pesticides dumps
Piles of mining wastes
Must be cleaned up

42. Love Canal First site of it’s kind. Sparked CERCLA. (aka Superfund)

43. Case-In-Point Hanford Nuclear Reservation

44. Management of Hazardous Waste
Superfund National Priorities List
2006: sites on the list
States with the greatest number of sites
New Jersey (115)
California (93)
Pennsylvania (93)
New York (86)
Michigan (65)

45. Superfund: What is it?
Superfund is the name given to the environmental program established to address abandoned hazardous waste sites. It is also the name of the fund established by the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980, as amended (CERCLA statute, CERCLA overview). This law was enacted in the wake of the discovery of toxic waste dumps such as Love Canal and Times Beach in the 1970s. It allows the EPA to clean up such sites and to compel responsible parties to perform cleanups or reimburse the government for EPA-lead cleanups.

46. Management of Hazardous Waste
Biological Treatment of Hazardous Chemicals
Bioremediation
Phytoremediation
Management the Waste we are Producing Now
(1) source reduction
(2) conversion to less hazardous materials
(3) long-term storage

47. Management of Hazardous Waste
Hazardous Waste Landfill

48. Superfund research
With a partner, log on to the EPA’s webpage for SUPERFUND.
I will assign you a county. Pick a SUPERFUND site:
Where is it?
What is the contamination? Who are the parties involved (the polluters)?
How is it being cleaned up?
Is it cleaned up or is the site still active?