1. India

2. Early India The first settlements 3000 B.C.E., when farmers settled along the Indus River in what is now Pakistan. The first settlements 3000 B.C.E., when farmers settled along the Indus River in what is now Pakistan. By 2500 B.C.E. the entire region was dominated by two cities called; By 2500 B.C.E. the entire region was dominated by two cities called; Harappa and Mohenjo-DaroHarappa and Mohenjo-Daro

3. Caste System The Caste System is India’s rigid social stratification based on Religion. The Caste System is India’s rigid social stratification based on Religion. Social division of the Caste System: Social division of the Caste System: Brahmins - Priests/RulersBrahmins - Priests/Rulers Kshatriyas - WarriorsKshatriyas - Warriors Vaishyas - MerchantsVaishyas - Merchants Shudras - FarmersShudras - Farmers Untouchables; Non-AryansUntouchables; Non-Aryans

5. India’s First Empires

6. Ashoka The Buddhist King of India The Buddhist King of India Buddhism turned Ashoka, the bloodthirsty king of ancient India’s Mauryan Empire, into a peace-loving ruler.

7. The Mauryan Empire is Established Chandragupta Maurya Seizes Power Chandragupta Maurya Seizes Power In 321 B.C. Chandragupta Maurya seizes power, starts Mauryan EmpireIn 321 B.C. Chandragupta Maurya seizes power, starts Mauryan Empire Chandragupta Maurya Unifies North India Chandragupta Maurya Unifies North India Chandragupta defeats Seleucus I; north India is united for the first timeChandragupta defeats Seleucus I; north India is united for the first time Chandragupta uses taxes to support his large armyChandragupta uses taxes to support his large army

8. The Mauryan Empire is Established Running the Empire Running the Empire Chandragupta’s chief adviser is Kautilya, a priestChandragupta’s chief adviser is Kautilya, a priest Chandragupta creates a bureaucratic governmentChandragupta creates a bureaucratic government He divides the government to make it easier to ruleHe divides the government to make it easier to rule

9. The Mauryan Empire is Established Life in the City and the Country Life in the City and the Country A Greek ambassador writes glowing praise of the empireA Greek ambassador writes glowing praise of the empire Chandragupta’s son rules from 301 to 269 B.C., (32 years)Chandragupta’s son rules from 301 to 269 B.C., (32 years) Ashoka— Chandragupta’s grandson, brings the empire to its heightAshoka— Chandragupta’s grandson, brings the empire to its height Mahabodhi Temple, site of first temple built by Asoka (3 rd century B.C.) on spot of Buddha’s enlightenment. Bihar, India

10. The Mauryan Empire is Established Asoka Promotes Buddhism Asoka Promotes Buddhism After a bloody war with Kalinga, Asoka promotes Buddhism and peaceAfter a bloody war with Kalinga, Asoka promotes Buddhism and peace Preaches religious toleration—accepting people of different religionsPreaches religious toleration—accepting people of different religions Builds roads, with wells along themBuilds roads, with wells along them

11. A Period of Turmoil The Breakup of the Mauryan Empire The Breakup of the Mauryan Empire Asoka dies in 232 B.C.; kingdoms in central India soon break awayAsoka dies in 232 B.C.; kingdoms in central India soon break away The Andhra Dynasty dominates central India for centuriesThe Andhra Dynasty dominates central India for centuries Northern India receives immigrants from Greece and other parts of AsiaNorthern India receives immigrants from Greece and other parts of Asia Tamils—a people living in southern India—remain separate and frequently war with rival peoples.Tamils—a people living in southern India—remain separate and frequently war with rival peoples.

12. The Gupta Empire is Established Chandra Gupta Builds an Empire Chandra Gupta Builds an Empire Chandra Gupta marries into kingship in north India in A.D. 320 Starts Gupta Empire—India’s second empire; flowering of Indian civilization, especially Hindu culture (see next slide) His son Samudra Gupta expands empire with conquest

13. Radha and Krishna in the grove. Painting (about 1780)

14. The Gupta Empire is Established Daily Life in India Daily Life in India Majority of Indians are farmers; entire family raises crops togetherMajority of Indians are farmers; entire family raises crops together Families are patriarchal—headed by the eldest maleFamilies are patriarchal—headed by the eldest male Farmers have to contribute work to government and pay heavy taxesFarmers have to contribute work to government and pay heavy taxes Some Tamil families are matriarchal— led by mother rather than fatherSome Tamil families are matriarchal— led by mother rather than father

15. The Gupta Empire is Established Height of the Gupta Empire Height of the Gupta Empire Chandra Gupta II rules from A.D. 375- 415Chandra Gupta II rules from A.D. 375- 415 He defeats the Shakas and adds western coast to empireHe defeats the Shakas and adds western coast to empire Gupta Empire sees flourishing of arts, religion, and scienceGupta Empire sees flourishing of arts, religion, and science After Chandra Gupta II dies, the empire declinesAfter Chandra Gupta II dies, the empire declines