1. Structural Systems CM 105

3. Precast Concrete Framing Offer exceptional strength and resistance to seismic stresses and high degree of fire safety Concrete framing plans can be divided into: column, beam, wall, floor and roof plans Walls are located to their edges, column to centers

4. Concrete Tilt-up Plans Plans must show the location and size of each panel Panels are dimensioned from edge to edge

5. Cast-in-place Concrete

9. Floor and Roof Decking Other materials, such as the precast concrete hollow core planks shown here, can also be used to create the floor and roof decks. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5 th Edition Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

11. Concrete Units and Stone

13. http://www.virginiaplaces.org/geology/buildingstones.html http://www.vt.edu/about/2011-11-11-hokie-stone.pdf Stone cladding

14. Stone Masonry Rubble: Unsquared stone blocks Random: Laid without continuous horizontal joints Coursed: Laid with continuous horizontal joints Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5 th Edition Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

15. Stone Masonry Ashlar: Squared blocks Random: Laid without continuous horizontal joints Coursed: Laid with continuous horizontal joints Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5 th Edition Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

16. Concrete Masonry Units (CMUs): Can be manufactured in a great variety of shapes and sizes Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5 th Edition Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

17. Laying CMU Mortar is identical to that used for brick masonry. Corner leads are laid first. String lines and levels are used to keep walls straight, plumb, and level. Joints are tooled and the face of the blocks cleaned as work progresses. Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5 th Edition Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

18. Wood Floor Framing – Sill Plate & Girders

19. Floor Framing – Floor Joists

20. Floor Framing Plan Example

21. Roof Framing Plan Example

24. Heavy Timber Framing

26. Courtesy Ryan Wall

27. Light Gauge Steel

28. Steel Framing Division 5 Metals, Section 05 40 00—Cold- Formed Metal Framing – Structural, loadbearing framing – Exterior wall framing (subject to wind loads) Division 9 Finishes Section 09 22 16—Non- Structural Metal Framing – Interior nonloadbearing framing Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5 th Edition Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

30. Light Gauge Steel Compared to Light Wood Framing Advantages – Like wood light framing: versatile, flexible, simple to construct – Noncombustible and immune to insect attack – Dimensionally stable, with consistent material properties – Lighter weight Disadvantages – Members require more frequent bracing – Readily conducts heat and requires extra attention to eliminating thermal bridging effects – Susceptible to corrosion Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5 th Edition Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

31. Steel

36. Steel Alloys Traditional mild steel – ASTM A36 – Minimum 36 ksi (36,000 lb per sq. in.) yield strength Contemporary high- strength, low alloy steels – ASTM A992: W shapes – ASTM A572: other shapes – Produced economically in mini-mills – Minimum yield strength 50 to 65 ksi Use of stronger steel allows savings in weight and reductions in the size of structural elements, reducing overall costs. ASTM A992 steel columns lay stacked in a fabricator yard. Note the holes predrilled for connections that will be completed in the field.

37. More Steel Alloys Weathering steel ASTM A588 – Surface rust adheres to base metal, limiting further rusting – Mostly used in highway and bridge structures, eliminating the need for a protective coating – Right: 365-ft span highway arch bridge made principally of weathering steel – Cor-Ten steel (a proprietary trade name for weathering steel) Stainless steel ASTM A240, A276 – Added nickel and chromium – Forms self-protecting oxide layer that provides long lasting protection against corrosion Fundamentals of Building Construction, Materials & Methods, 5 th Edition Copyright © 2009 J. Iano. All rights reserved.

38. Question? In a fire, without fire protection a steel beam is less able to withstand the heat than a timber. WHY?