1. Coffee Waste as a Soil Amendment on Tree Seedling Growth in Nursery Production at the National Conservation Training Center Casey W. Johnson Shepherd University Institute for Environmental Studies

2. The National Conservation Training Center (NCTC) The NCTC is the Flagship Training Facility of the Department of the Interior. NCTC's environmental mission: seek and employ sustainable practices provide a wide scope of environmentally friendly services and products Photo credit: Ryan Hagarty

3. Introduction: NCTC’s Reforestation Projects Reforestation of previously agricultural fields Previous pasture or agriculture soils typically show – moderate pH – moderate to low phosphorus – lowered total nitrogen levels (Hooper, 2002) Agricultural fields will generally have lower levels of nutrients compared to previously untouched areas. (Fraterrigo, 2005)

4. NCTC Reforestation 1938 Aerial photo Pre-NCTC Credit: training.FWS.gov

5. NCTC - The Coffee Waste Dilemma Potential use as a soil amendment for nursery operations – Black Walnut (Juglans nigra L.) – Black Oak (Quercus velutina Lam.) – Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) – Black Cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh).

6. Introduction Objective: – Determine effects of coffee grounds on seedling growth. Null hypothesis: – Waste coffee grounds will have no effect on native tree seedling height when used as a soil amendment in local topsoil.

7. Materials & Methods: Experimental Design Experimental design – Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) blocked by species type – One plant per pot – Nine pots per tray – Eighteen replicates per treatment 54 trees of each species for a total of 216 trees Each seedling received an addition of coffee waste in three amounts (by volume). – zero percent (control) – ten percent – thirty percent Photo credits: Stuewe and Sons, Inc.

8. Materials & Methods Coffee ground collection – Collected from facility break stations – Collected over a year and a half period – Sent to a soil testing lab pH Total Magnesium Total Calcium Total Potassium Total Phosphorus Topsoil tested for same parameters

9. Materials & Methods: Species Four Species Used – Black Walnut (Juglans nigra L.) – Black Oak (Quercus velutina Lam.) – Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) – Black Cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.)

10. Materials & Methods Tree seedling choice: – Availability – Popularity – Range of preferred growing conditions – Geographic range Mid Atlantic region of the United States Black walnut was started from seeds collected locally this past winter Other species obtained from the J.S. Ayton Forest Tree Nursery

11. Materials & Methods Watering schedule – Frequency: Twice a week (May and June) Three times a week (July and August) Received enough water to drain out through the bottom of the container A plastic polymer water tank was used to store and deliver tap water.

12. Materials & Methods Study period – Growth was observed over the 2010 summer growing season Growth Measurements – Used to determine relative growth rates – Four week intervals – Tree height – Trunk diameter Herbivory prevention – Deer exclusion fence

13. Results Black Walnut (Juglans nigra) – Many hebivivores – Smaller climbing mammals not excluded – All planted walnuts harvested within one week – No results for black walnut Photo credit: picturevue.net

14. Results: Soil Test Report

15. Results: KS Test Tree heights normally distributed – KS test (df=54, p=0.2) Tree diameter non-normal – KS test (df=54) – Q. velutina (p=0.001) – A. saccharum p=0.005 – P. serotina p=0.029

16. Results Coffee grounds had no effect on tree height.

17. Discussion & Conclusion I accept my null hypothesis that waste coffee grounds have no effect on native tree seedling height when used as a soil amendment in local topsoil. Coffee grounds up to 30% as a soil amendment does not affect mean tree height. Effects on tree height using soil amended with >30% coffee grounds were not determined.

18. Discussion & Conclusion Study was performed during one of the hottest and driest summers on record. Test did not fully investigate the effects of adding increased amounts of coffee waste in order to study the bioassay of used coffee grounds on seedling mortality. Study also does not take into account the long-term effects of growing tree seedlings in coffee wastes.

19. Discussion & Conclusion Any subsequent experimental designs – must be used in conjunction with small animal exclosures Would consider having extra testing done on – treatment – topsoil – water used to irrigate plants – Soil fauna – Soil structure Plant transpiration Bacterial/Fungal decomposition Photo credits (top to bottom): cropandsoil.oregonstate.edu waterwisetech.net, findalismonkeyinthemiddle.blogspot

20. Acknowledgements US Fish and Wildlife Service The National Park Service The National Conservation Training Center Phil Pannill Andrea Stevenson Karin Christensen Gary Schetromph Dr. Mark Madison Dr. Jim Siegel Shepherd University Dr. Clarissa Mathews Dr. Ed Snyder Dr. Tracy Leskey Dr. Peter Vila Professional Landscaping & Management Service Participants: – Andrew Valois (Supervisor), Ryan K.G. Sanders, and Sam Canby. Civilian Conservation Corps of West Virginia Participants: – Mike Grove and John Jenyez. Youth Conservation Corps of America Participants: – Ian Dantzler, Sarah Shadle, Tyler Chaney, Lauren Silveous, and Dalton Mendiola.