1. The Renaissance
Ch. 7 sec.1
The Last supper, painted by Leonardo da Vinci

2. Leonardo da Vinci
Painter
Sculptor
Architect
Inventor
Mathematician

3. The Italian States
During the middle ages, Italy had failed to develop a centralized monarchical stat
Lack of a single strong ruler made it possible for a number of city-states in northern and central Italy to remain independent

4. Milan One of the richest city states in Italy
Located north at he crossroads of the main trading routes form Italian coastal cities to the Alpine passes
14th century Visconti family established themselves as Dukes of Milan

5. Milan Last Visconti ruler dies 1447
mercenaries
Last Visconti ruler dies 1447
Francesco Sforza conquers the city and becomes the new Duke of Milan
He uses mercenaries to gain control
Sforza creates an efficient tax system, which makes a lot of money for the Government.

6. Venice Link between Asia and Western Europe
City drew traders from all over the world
Claimed to be a republic, but in reality a small group of wealthy merchants/ aristocrats ran the government
Tremendously profitable trade makes it an international power

7. Florence Dominated the region of Tuscany
Medici family waged a serious of wars and took control of the city
They were Bankers and ruled from behind the scenes
They also supported writers, artist, sculptors etc.

8. Italian Wars
French King, Charles VIII wants riches of Italy sends 30,000 troops takes over Kingdom of Naples in the South
Northern Italian States ask King of Spain, Charles I to help, he sends troops and war breaks out.
1527 Spanish forces sack and loot Rome which ends war and Spanish forces dominant Italy

9. Machiavelli Read page 401 and answer the following questions.
Who was Niccolo Machiavelli?
What book did he write?
What is this book about?

10. Analyze the following “Prince” Quotes
At this point may one note that men must be either pampered or annihilated. They avenge light offenses; they cannot avenge severe ones; hence, the harm one does to a man must be such as to obviate any fear of revenge.
[P]eople are by nature changeable. It easy to persuade them about some particular matter, but it is hard to hold them to that persuasion. Hence it is necessary to provide that when they no longer believe, they can be forced to believe

11. Analyze the following “Prince” Quotes
3. A prince must have no other objective, no other thought, nor tae up any profession but that of war, its methods and its discipline, for that is the only art expected of a ruler. And it is such great value that it not only keeps hereditary princes in power, but often raises men of lowly condition to that rank 4. Here a question arises: whether it is better to be loved than feared, or the reverse. The answer is of course that it would be best to be both loved and feared. But since the two rarely come together, anyone compelled to choose will find greater security in being feared than being loved…Love endures by a bond which men, being scoundrels, may break whenever it serves their advantage to do so; but fear is supported by the dread of pain, which is ever present.