1. Section 4: Applications and Effects of Nuclear Reactions Nuclear reactions have many useful applications, but they also have harmful biological effects. K What I Know W What I Want to Find Out L What I Learned

2. 2(H)Organize, analyze, evaluate, make inferences, and predict trends from data. Applications and Effects of Nuclear Reactions Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

3. Essential Questions How is radiation detected, measured, and used? What are some of the damaging effects of radiation on biological systems? Applications and Effects of Nuclear Reactions Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

4. Review isotope Applications and Effects of Nuclear Reactions Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Vocabulary New ionizing radiation radiotracer

5. Detecting Radioactivity Radiation with enough energy to ionize matter it collides with is called ionizing radiation. The Geiger counter uses ionizing radiation to detect radiation. Applications and Effects of Nuclear Reactions Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

6. Detecting Radioactivity A scintillation counter detects bright flashes when ionizing radiation excites electrons of certain types of atoms. Applications and Effects of Nuclear Reactions Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

7. Uses of Radiation A radiotracer is a radioactive isotope that emits non-ionizing radiation and is used to signal the presence of an element or specific substrate. When used safely, radiation can be very useful. Radiation can damage or destroy healthy cells. Radiation can also destroy unhealthy cells, such as cancer cells. Unfortunately, radiation therapy also destroys healthy cells in the process of destroying cancerous cells. Applications and Effects of Nuclear Reactions Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

8. Biological Effects of Radiation Radiation can be very harmful. The damage depends on type of radiation, type of tissue, penetrating power, and distance from the source. High energy radiation is dangerous because it produces free radicals. Free radicals are atoms or molecules that contain one or more unpaired electrons. Free radicals are highly reactive. Applications and Effects of Nuclear Reactions Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

9. Biological Effects of Radiation Two units measure doses of radiation. The rad stands for Radiation- Absorbed Dose, which is the amount of radiation that results in 0.01 J of energy per kilogram of tissue. The rad does not account for the type of tissue that is absorbing the radiation. The rad is multiplied by a factor related to its effect on the tissue involved and is called the rem, Roentgen Equivalent for Man. Applications and Effects of Nuclear Reactions Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

10. Biological Effects of Radiation I 1 d 1 2 = I 2 d 2 2 where I = intensity and d = distance. Applications and Effects of Nuclear Reactions Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

11. Applications and Effects of Nuclear Reactions Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Review Essential Questions How is radiation detected, measured, and used? What are some of the damaging effects of radiation on biological systems? Vocabulary ionizing radiationradiotracer