1. TDT4252 Modelling of Information Systems Advanced Course
Sobah Abbas Petersen
Adjunct Associate Professor
Lecture 11- Enterprise Modelling Frameworks and Reference Architectures
TDT4252, Spring 2011

2. This Lecture
Enterprise Modelling Frameworks and reference Architectures
Based on:
A13: GERAM: Generalised Enterprise Reference Architecture and Methodology,
A14: PERA Enterprise Integration Website provides an overview of several methodologies, including the ones covered in this lecture.
Additional reading:
Vernadat, F. B. (1996), Chapter 3: Enterprise Modelling. Chapman and Hall, pp ISBN:
A11: Fox, M. S. and Gruninger, M Enterprise Modelling. AI Magazine, Fall
Lillehagen and Krogstie (2008), Chapter 4: State of the Art of Enterprise Modelling. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp
Lecture 11- Enterprise Modelling Frameworks and Reference Architectures
TDT4252, Spring 2011

3. Presentation Overview
Provide an overview of the main enterprise reference architectures and frameworks.
CIMOSA
GRAI GIM
ARIS
PERA
GERAM
Lecture 11- Enterprise Modelling Frameworks and Reference Architectures
TDT4252, Spring 2011

4. Enterprise Integration (1)
It is concerned with providing seamless communication, cooperation and coordination between enterprises as well as among different functionalities within a single enterprise.
It is aimed towards improved interoperability.
It is concerned with facilitating information, control and material flows across organisational boundaries by connecting all the necessary functions and heterogeneous functional entities in order to improve communication, cooperation and coordination within the enterprise, such that the enterprise behaves as a whole.
Lecture 11- Enterprise Modelling Frameworks and Reference Architectures
TDT4252, Spring 2011

5. Enterprise Integration (1)
“One of the most important characteristics of today's enterprises is that they are facing a rapidly changing environment and can no longer make predictable long term provisions. To adapt to this change enterprises themselves need to evolve and be reactive so that change and adaptation should be a natural dynamic state rather then something occasionally forced onto the enterprise. This necessitates the integration of the enterprise operation and the development of a discipline that organises all knowledge that is needed to identify the need for change in enterprises and to carry out that change expediently and professionally. This discipline is called Enterprise Engineering.”
Lecture 11- Enterprise Modelling Frameworks and Reference Architectures
TDT4252, Spring 2011

6. What is a Reference Architecture?
A reference architecture is a generalised framework for describing the components needed in all types of enterprise engineering (Bernus & Nemes).
A framework is a fundamental structure that allows defining the main sets of concepts to model and build an enterprise (Lillehagen and Krogstie 2008).
Lecture 11- Enterprise Modelling Frameworks and Reference Architectures
TDT4252, Spring 2011

7. CIMOSA
CIMOSA: "Computer Integrated Manufacturing Open System Architecture“.
It is an enterprise modeling framework, which aims to support the enterprise integration of machines, computers and people.
The framework is based on the system life cycle concept, and offers a modelling language, methodology and supporting technology to support these goals.
Lecture 11- Enterprise Modelling Frameworks and Reference Architectures
TDT4252, Spring 2011

8. CIMOSA Reference Architecture
View
Dimensions
Lifecycle
Dimensions
Generecity
Lecture 11- Enterprise Modelling Frameworks and Reference Architectures
TDT4252, Spring 2011

9. CIMOSA Description (1)
The original aim of CIMOSA (1992) has been "to elaborate an open system architecture for CIM and to define a set of concepts and rules to facilitate the building of future CIM system”.
One of the main idea of CIMOSA is the categorization of manufacturing operations in:
Generic functions : Generic parts of every enterprise, independent of its organisation-structure or business area.
Examples: Control of workflow, administration of information management of communication.
Generic functions should be performed by Generic system services.
Specific (Partial and Particular) functions : Specific for individual enterprises.
Examples: design of products and production processes, generation of production plans, scheduling of production, processing of orders, etc.
Specific functions may be performed by machines, humans, and computers.
Lecture 11- Enterprise Modelling Frameworks and Reference Architectures
TDT4252, Spring 2011

10. CIMOSA Description (2)
The development of CIMOSA has resulted in two key items:
Modeling Framework : This framework supports "all phases of the CIM system lifecycle from requirements definition, through design specification, implementation description and execution of the daily enterprise operation".
Integrating Infrastructure : This infrastructure provides "specific information technology services for the execution of the Particular Implementation Model“.
It is effectively the communication system which interconnects all of the functions in the CIM system.
Lecture 11- Enterprise Modelling Frameworks and Reference Architectures
TDT4252, Spring 2011

11. CIMOSA Description (3)
CIMOSA aims at integrating enterprise operations by means of efficient information exchange within the enterprise. CIMOSA models enterprises using four perspectives:
the function view describes the functional structure required to satisfy the objectives of an enterprise and related control structures (workflows);
the information view describes the information required by each function (Humans, machines, and control and information systems);
the resource view describes the resources and their relations to functional and control structures; and
the organization view describes the responsibilities assigned to individuals for functional and control structures.
Lecture 11- Enterprise Modelling Frameworks and Reference Architectures
TDT4252, Spring 2011

12. CIMOSA: Advantages & Disadvantages
Covers both functional and behavioural aspects of CIM systems.
Fully supports system design specification and implementation description issues according to user requirements.
It constraints the range of available building blocks, forcing vendors to provide standard components.
Satisfies the Principles of separation of concern, genericity, reusability, functional decomposition, separation of functionality and behaviour, separation of processes and resources and conformity.
Disadvantages:
It’s inherent complexity.
Lack of computer tools to support the whole methodology.
Lecture 11- Enterprise Modelling Frameworks and Reference Architectures
TDT4252, Spring 2011

13. GRAI GIM Focused on the decision making process.
GRAI-GIM contains a user-oriented method and a technically-oriented one.
The user-oriented method transforms user requirements into user specification in terms of function, information, decisions and resources.
The technically-oriented method transforms the user specification into technical specifications in terms of information and manufacturing technology components and the organization. The technical specification must allow the implementor to choose (buy, commission, or develop) all the components needed to implement the system.
Ref:
Lecture 11- Enterprise Modelling Frameworks and Reference Architectures
TDT4252, Spring 2011

14. GRAI GIM
Lecture 11- Enterprise Modelling Frameworks and Reference Architectures
TDT4252, Spring 2011

15. GRAI GIM 3 levels of abstraction:
Conceptual level: Without any technical or organisational consideration. Aims at asking the question “what?”
Structural level: Integrates and organisational point of view and asks the questions “Who?”, “When?” and “Where?”
Realisation level: most specific level. Integrates the technical constraints and enables the choice of real components.
Lecture 11- Enterprise Modelling Frameworks and Reference Architectures
TDT4252, Spring 2011

16. GRAI GIM: Domain Decomposition
A domain is a selective perception of a manufacturing system.
A production system may be split into three systems:
The physical system, decision system and information system.
These three systems lead to three domains:
Functional, process and resource views.
Lecture 11- Enterprise Modelling Frameworks and Reference Architectures
TDT4252, Spring 2011

17. GRAI GIM Advantages & Disadvantages
Provides a systematic approach for modelling the decision system of manufacturing enterprises.
Disadvantages:
Only provides support for requirements definition and analysis, but not a tool for system design.
Makes use of redundant models, i.e. same concepts are modelled twice.
Incomplete – no resource view.
Produces a paper model and not a computerised model.
Dos not support detailed design.
Lecture 11- Enterprise Modelling Frameworks and Reference Architectures
TDT4252, Spring 2011

18. ARIS ARIS: Architecture of Integrated Information Systems
The objective is to reduce the complexity by dividing the enterprise into individual views.
The conceptual design of ARIS is based on an integration concept that is derived from an analysis of business processes.
It forms the framework for the development and optimisation of integrated information systems as well as a description of their implementation.
ARIS focuses on the analysis and requirements definition phase during the design of managerial information systems, not on the execution of business processes.
Lecture 11- Enterprise Modelling Frameworks and Reference Architectures
TDT4252, Spring 2011

19. ARIS Architecture: Views
Different modelling languages are allocated to model the different views.
Ref:
Lecture 11- Enterprise Modelling Frameworks and Reference Architectures
TDT4252, Spring 2011

20. ARIS Views: Description
Functional View:
The processes transforming input into output are grouped in this view.
Organisation View:
Presents the hierarchical organisation structure. Groups responsible entities or devices executing the same work object.
Data View:
The data processing environment and the message triggering functions.
Process View:
Relationships among the views and the entire business processes are documented in this view.
Additional reference: Williams, T. “Workflow Management within the ARIS Framework”,
Lecture 11- Enterprise Modelling Frameworks and Reference Architectures
TDT4252, Spring 2011

21. Not CIM-focused, focus on business processes and management
ARIS Different modelling languages are allocated to model the different views.
Organisational charts
ER diagrams
Function trees
Etc.
Not CIM-focused, focus on business processes and management
Lecture 11- Enterprise Modelling Frameworks and Reference Architectures
TDT4252, Spring 2011

22. PERA
“If you don't know where you are going, you probably won't get there.”
Purdue Enterprise Reference Architecture
PERA provides a formal methodology for Enterprise Master Planning.
PERA encompasses existing methodologies for Engineering Design, Construction, Operations, etc.
Since PERA represents the full life cycle of the Enterprise, all existing Enterprise documents and tools can be fitted within its structure.
Lecture 11- Enterprise Modelling Frameworks and Reference Architectures
TDT4252, Spring 2011

23. PERA – Components of an Enterprise
There are only 3 major components of any enterprise:
Physical Plant
People
Information Systems
PERA provides a life cycle model which demonstrates how to integrate Enterprise Systems, Physical Plant Engineering and Organizational Development from enterprise concept to dissolution.
PERA clearly defines the roles and relationships among physical plant, people, and information systems.
Lecture 11- Enterprise Modelling Frameworks and Reference Architectures
TDT4252, Spring 2011

24. PERA and Lifecycle aspects
The PERA Model breaks the enterprise life cycle into "phases" as follows.
Define clear "deliverables" at the end of each phase
PERA model indicates there are also interfaces within the phase.
Lecture 11- Enterprise Modelling Frameworks and Reference Architectures
TDT4252, Spring 2011

25. PERA
It is vitally important that the interfaces between groups who are designing the enterprise are clearly understood and coordinated.
Lecture 11- Enterprise Modelling Frameworks and Reference Architectures
TDT4252, Spring 2011

26. GERAM
The IFIP/IFAC Task Force analysed these architectures and concluded that even if there were some overlaps, none of the existing reference architectures subsumed the others; each of them had something unique to offer. The recognition of the need to define a generalised architecture is the outcome of the work of the Task Force.
Lecture 11- Enterprise Modelling Frameworks and Reference Architectures
TDT4252, Spring 2011

27. GERAM Generic Enterprise Reference Architecture and Methodology
GERAM is about those methods, models and tools which are needed to build and maintain the integrated enterprise, be it a part of an enterprise, a single enterprise or a network of enterprises (virtual enterprise or extended enterprise).
It defines a tool-kit of concepts for designing and maintaining enterprises for their entire life-history. GERAM is not yet-another-proposal for an enterprise reference architecture, but is meant to organise existing enterprise integration knowledge.
Lecture 11- Enterprise Modelling Frameworks and Reference Architectures
TDT4252, Spring 2011

28. GERAM
One aspect of the GERAM framework is that it unifies the two distinct approaches of enterprise integration, those based on product models and those based on business process design. It also offers new insights into the project management of enterprise integration and the relationship of integration with other strategic activities in an enterprise.
Lecture 11- Enterprise Modelling Frameworks and Reference Architectures
TDT4252, Spring 2011

29. GERAM
Lecture 11- Enterprise Modelling Frameworks and Reference Architectures
TDT4252, Spring 2011

30. GERA
GERA defines the enterprise related generic concepts recommended for use in enterprise engineering and integration projects. These concepts can be categorised as:
a) Human oriented concepts
to describe the role of humans as an integral part of the organisation and operation of an enterprise.
to support humans during enterprise design, construction and change.
b) Process oriented concepts for the description of the business processes of the enterprise;
c) Technology oriented concepts for the description of the business process supporting technology involved in both enterprise operation and enterprise engineering efforts (modelling and model use support).
Lecture 11- Enterprise Modelling Frameworks and Reference Architectures
TDT4252, Spring 2011

31. Human oriented Concepts
The role of humans in the enterprise remains fundamental. Therefore, capturing this knowledge in enterprise models will prove to be very useful and enable flexible reaction to environmental changes.
They cover human aspects such as capabilities, skills, know-how and competencies as well as roles of humans in the enterprise o
Modelling constructs will be required to facilitate the description of human roles as an integral part of the organisation and operation of an enterprise. The constructs should facilitate the capture of enterprise models that describe:
Human roles.
The way in which human roles are organised so that they interoperate with other human and technology elements when realising enterprise operations.
The capabilities and qualities of humans as enterprise resource elements.
Lecture 11- Enterprise Modelling Frameworks and Reference Architectures
TDT4252, Spring 2011

32. Process Oriented Concepts
Aims at describing the processes in the enterprise capturing both their functionality (that is what has to be done ) and their behaviour (that is when things are done and in which sequence).
The process-oriented concepts defined in GERA are:
Enterprise entity life-cycle and life-cycle phases.
Life history.
Enterprise entity types.
Enterprise modelling with integrated model representation and model views.
Life History:
The life history of a business entity is the representation in time of tasks carried out on the particular entity during its entire life span. Relating to the life-cycle concept described above, the concept of life history allows to identify the tasks pertaining to these different phases as activity types.
Lecture 11- Enterprise Modelling Frameworks and Reference Architectures
TDT4252, Spring 2011

33. GERA Lifecycle phases Life History
Lecture 11- Enterprise Modelling Frameworks and Reference Architectures
TDT4252, Spring 2011

34. Technology Oriented Concepts
Both the enterprise engineering process and the operational environment employ a significant amount of technology.
Technology is either production oriented and therefore involved in producing the enterprise products and customer services, or management and control oriented,� providing the necessary means for communication and information processing and information sharing.
Technology oriented concepts have to provide descriptions of the technology involved in both the enterprise operation and the enterprise engineering efforts.
Lecture 11- Enterprise Modelling Frameworks and Reference Architectures
TDT4252, Spring 2011

35. GERA Modelling Framework
GERA provides an analysis and modelling framework that is based on the life-cycle concept and identifies three dimensions for defining the scope and content of enterprise modelling.
Life-Cycle Dimension: providing for the controlled modelling process of enterprise entities according to the life-cycle activities.
Genericity Dimension: providing for the controlled particularisation (instantiation) process from generic and partial to particular.
View Dimension: providing for the controlled visualisation of specific views of the enterprise entity.
Lecture 11- Enterprise Modelling Frameworks and Reference Architectures
TDT4252, Spring 2011

36. GERA Modelling Framework with Modelling Views
Lecture 11- Enterprise Modelling Frameworks and Reference Architectures
TDT4252, Spring 2011

37. GERA: Views
view concept that allows the operational processes to be described as an integrated model, but to be presented to the user in different sub-sets (model views) of an integrated model
Views identified in GERA:
Entity Model Contents Views: function, information, resource, organisation.
Entity Purpose Views: customer service and product, management and control.
Entity Implementation View: human implemented tasks, automated tasks (mission support technology, and management and control technology).
Entity Physical Manifestation Views: software, hardware.
Additional views may be defined according to specific user needs.
Lecture 11- Enterprise Modelling Frameworks and Reference Architectures
TDT4252, Spring 2011

38. Summary
We have looked at several different Enterprise Reference Architectures and Frameworks.
CIMOSA and PERA take into account the lifecycle perspective.
ARIS – for management systems.
GRAI GIM - Focused on decision support.
PERA – Enterprise Master Planning.
GERAM – aimed at subsuming the others.
Lecture 11- Enterprise Modelling Frameworks and Reference Architectures
TDT4252, Spring 2011

39. How do the other frameworks fit into GERAM?
Lifecycle view: CIMOSA, PERA
Genericty View: CIMOSA
Process design and modelling: CIMOSA (functional view), GRAI-GIM, ARIS
Organisation view: CIMOSA (functional view), GRAI-GIM, ARIS, PERA (human aspects)
Resource view: CIMOSA (functional view), ARIS, PERA
Lecture 11- Enterprise Modelling Frameworks and Reference Architectures
TDT4252, Spring 2011

40. Next Lecture Introduction to AKM
Brief overview: Monday 14 March, 15:00hrs, F3
Friday, 18 March, 14:00hrs, F4
Based on: Lillehagen and Krogstie (2008), Chapter 1: State of the Art of Enterprise Modelling. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp
There will be an exercise class this afternoon, 15:00-17:00hrs, where you can ask questions related to the assignment and Metis modelling.
Lecture 11- Enterprise Modelling Frameworks and Reference Architectures
TDT4252, Spring 2011