1. The Greening of the Rooftop Module 8 Green Roofing: Clean Energy Roofs

2. Photo-Voltaic Daylighting Wind Clean Energy Roofs Clean Energy Roof Options

3. Clean Energy Roofs Photo-Voltaic (PV) Roofs

4. Target Store Stockton, CA Shiseido Windsor, NJ PV Roofs Clean Energy Generation

5. PV Roofs Components PV Modules Balance of System (BOS) Services

6. PV Roofs PV Modules MonocrystallinePolycrystallineAmorphous

7. PV Roofs PV Modules Technology Monocrystalline Polycrystalline Amorphous Industry Goal Efficiency 15-18% 13-15% 5-8% 25% Notes: Highest market share, highest cost Lower cost, gaining in efficiency Lower cost, leading thin film candidate Where PV manufacturers want to be by 2015 Source: http://www.pvresources.com

8. PV Roofs Balance of System (B.O.S.) Key Components –Mounting Systems –Wiring & Connectors –Controllers (Energy Management) –Inverters (DC to AC) –Batteries (Reserve Energy) –Load Connection (Building / Grid) Account for over 30% of total PV material costs

9. PV Roofs Services Key Components –Design (Electrical, Structural, Architectural) –Financing (Power Purchase Agreements, Underwriting) –Legal (Special Entities, Operating Contracts) –Installation (Roofing, PV System, Electrical) –Operation (Monitoring, Power Billing, Incentive Management) –Maintenance (Inspection, Repair) Account for over 30% of total PV installed costs Typically provided by a System Integrator

10. PV Roofs Residential / Commercial Systems Residential Systems –From 1.5 KW to 6 KW total output –From $15,000 to $60,000 installed cost –Frequently not tied directly to the grid –Usually purchased and financed by the homeowner Commercial Systems –From 0.5 MW to 2 MW total output –From $3.25 MM to $12 MM installed cost –Frequently tied directly to the grid –Frequently purchased and financed by a “Special Purpose Entity” using a “Power Purchase Agreement”

11. PV Roofs Typical Residential PV System (w/o Net Metering) 20 Amp. Controller 8 X 60 Wp Modules 6 X 12v 100Ah Batteries 1500 W Inverter Separate Distribution Panel 100 A. Fuse Loads

12. Module Array Combiner Box DC Disconnect Inverter DC AC Meter AC Disconnect Main Panel PV Roofs Typical Commercial PV System ( w/ Net Metering) Combiner Box Module Array Controller To Grid

13. PV Roofs PV Roof System Types Non-Integrated –Mounted on framing over roof –Similar to other roof-mounted equipment Integrated –Physically incorporated into the roof system –Performing some roofing function along with power generation

14. PV Roofs Non-Integrated PV Roof Systems Benefits: Can be tilted to align with sun’s angle Wiring can be placed above roof for easy access Long performance track record with conventional silicon modules Limitations: Anchorage may require extensive penetration of roof Wind uplift resistance may be a concern May be difficult to maintain and service the underlying roof

15. PV Roofs Integrated PV Roof Systems Thin-Film Laminated to Single-Ply Self-Ballasting and Insulating Solar Paver Thin-Film Laminated to Standing Seam Metal Thin-Film Solar Shingles

16. PV Roofs Integrated PV Roof Systems Benefits: Reduced material costs for framing Reduced labor costs Limitations: Typically restricted to angle of roof – may compromise output Wiring may penetrate the roof membrane Roof traffic may damage panels Heat build-up may damage underlying roof membrane The thin films frequently used in integrated PV have a relatively short performance record compared to conventional solar modules

17. PV Roofs What are the Economics? PV manufacturing costs are moving down, especially thin-film Central power costs are increasing, especially peak demand energy Financial incentives for PV are increasing at all levels of government Currently, PV roofing is not economical across the United States, but…

18. PV Roofs What are the Economics? The Supply Chain The Operating Chain The Financial Incentives To understand PV economics, it is necessary to look at ….

19. PV Module Manufacturer Silicon Wafer Manufacturer System Integrator Inverter Manufacturer Connector Manufacturer Mounting Manufacturer Control Manufacturer Battery Manufacturer System Installer PV Roofs Supply Chain Project Financier $ COMPLETED PROJECT Investors Host Building Owner Building Operator Utility

20. System Integrator Service Contractor PV Roofs Operating Chain $ COMPLETED PROJECT Investors Depreciation Operating Net Tax Credits Rebates Host $ Power Purchase Government, Utility $ Tax Credits Rebates $ Operating Exp. Service Repair

21. Federal Incentives (Energy Policy Act of 2005, extended 2008) –30% Investment Tax Credit –5-Year Accelerated Depreciation –Additional Tax Deductions if Combined with Energy Efficiency Improvements State & Local Incentives (Vary Widely) –Government & Utility Rebates –Tax Credits –Fee Reductions / Exemptions –Loans –Grants PV Roofs Financial Incentives See Module 10 for Additional Information

22. PV Cost Example: Typical Commercial Installation: California Assumes typical rack-mounted 1 MW rack-mounted installation in California. 1MW Installation: Las Angeles, CA

23. PV Cost Example: Typical Residential Installation: Arizona Source: American Solar Electric (www.americanpv.com) 8 KW Installation: Phoenix, AZ Installed Cost55,000$ Less AZ Utility Rebate$ Less AZ ITC (1,000) $ Less Federal ITC (16,500) $ Net System Cost13,500$ Ave. Annual Production14,000 kWh Ave. Annual Energy Savings1,820$ 20-Year Energy Savings (Constant $) 36,400$ 20-Year ARR 13.5% (24,000)

24. Benefits:Current Limitations: Clean energy generated Peak energy demands reduced Many states & local utilities offer incentives Federal incentives in place until 2016 PV Roofs Overall Benefits & Limitations Significant incentives required to achieve “grid parity” Financing may be complicated Maintenance: Increasing roof traffic. Leak detection may be difficult Durability: Underlying roof system must be designed to meet or exceed PV system service life. Design & Commissioning: How is system performance validated? Accountability: Who will be accountable for the integrated system?

25. Clean Energy Roofs Daylighting West Valley Library San Jose, CA

26. Passive Systems Active Systems Hybrid Systems Clean Energy Roofs Daylighting

27. Passive Systems Passive Systems Capture, Reflect & Direct Daylight

28. Active Systems Follow the Sun to Maximize Sunlight Capture Daylighting Active Systems

29. Daylighting Hybrid Systems Hybrid Systems Combine Solar and Electric Lighting in an Integrated Package

30. Benefits:Current Limitations: High return on investment Excellent product to integrate into a roof replacement Many states and utilities have incentive programs Can be used as part of an energy savings plan to meet the Federal Commercial Energy Efficiency Tax Deduction Daylighting Benefits & Limitations Design is complex: Must consider heat loss / heat gain along with lighting savings Commissioning: How is system performance validated? Durability of newer active systems – little long- term performance data Accountability for hybrid systems: Who will be accountable for the integrated system?

31. Clean Energy Roofs Wind Mercy Lakefront SRO Chicago, IL Staples Distribution Center Monrovia, CA Adventure Aquarium Camden, NJ

32. Roof Wind Systems Vertical Turbines Single Vertical Turbine Multiple Vertical Turbine

33. Roof Wind Systems Horizontal Turbines Single Horizontal Turbine Multiple Horizontal Turbines Ganged Horizontal Turbines

34. Roof Wind Systems Benefits & Limitations Benefits: Current Limitations: Higher return on investment than PV New multiple arrays can generate significant power Easily integrated into rooftop PV systems Many states and utilities have incentive programs Relatively low total power capability May produce vibrations that may adversely affect roofing system Design & commissioning: How is system performance validated? Durability of newer multiple systems – little long- term performance data Who will be accountable for the integrated system?

35. Interstate Renewable Energy Council U.S. Department of Energy Solar Energies Technology Program Whole Building Design Guide: Building- Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV) Daylighting Collaborative Clean Energy Roofs Find Out More… http://www.irecusa.org/ http://www1.eere.energy.gov/solar/ http://www.wbdg.org/resources/bipv.php http://www.daylighting.org WBDG WHOLE BUILDING DESIGN GUIDE