1. Soils of North Dakota Dave Franzen Professor, North Dakota State University, Fargo- Extension Soil Specialist

2. Green soils are Mollisols

3. Till Lakebed Residuum

4. Till Lakebed Residuum OLD YOUNG

5. All of our soils “East River” are derived from great continental glaciers.

6. Hot/dry Warm/moist Cool/moist Cool/dryer

7. Influence of landscape

8. Bulk density values: Ap 0-6 in. 1.17 g/cm 3 AB 6-13 1.31 B 13-26 1.41 Slide from Hopkins, 2011 CEC; 45.3 cmol (+)/kg older term (meq/100g) Ca+2= 21.8 cmol (+)/kg Mg+2=15.1 cmol (+)/kg The organic carbon (OC) is: 3.07, 2.16, and 1.67 % to 26 in. That lowest horizon is > 3% SOM

9. Red River Valley scene with Fargo soils in a corn field, early June, 2010.

10. Bare soil temperature at 4 inches from November 1, 2009 through March 31, 2010, Fargo, ND.

11. Image from D. Hopkins

12. Till Plain scene with spring wheat near Valley City, 2010

13. A B C Typical Barnes soil profile Mean wetting depth

14. Wheat field harvest, August, 2010, NW North Dakota, Bismarck Tribune photo

15. Williams Soils- Side slope position on many western North Dakota soils 2.2 million acres of ND is Williams loams

16. Salts or sodium affect many millions of acres of North Dakota farm and pasture land

17. 6/23/92 6/14/94 6/15/93 6/18/96 6/22/99 6/22/00 Swale groundwater elevations in mid-June; 1991-2000 Drought to pluvial in southeastern North Dakota (Hopkins)

18. Photo courtesy of Dr. David Hopkins, NDSU

19. Devils Lake 1984 USGS image Devils Lake 2010 USGS image

20. Farmland near Forman, ND flooding due to water table rising, 2011. Photo courtesy of Kelly Cooper, Forman SCD

21. Crops in North Dakota have done better than their summer counterparts mostly because of the lack of 100 degree temps, but also due to the legacy of high water tables from previous years and the capillary water pull of most of our soils to supply crops during an extended dry period.