1. EET 252 Unit 5 Programmable Logic: FPGAs & HDLs  Read Floyd, Sections 11-5 to 11-10.  Study Unit 5 e-Lesson.  Do Lab #5.  Lab #5a due next week.  Homework #5 and Lab #5b due in two weeks.  Midterm exam next week.

2. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights ReservedFloyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights ReservedFloyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed Review SPLD: (Simple PLDs) are the earliest type of array logic used for fixed functions and smaller circuits with a limited number of gates. (The PAL and GAL are both SPLDs). CPLD: (Complex PLDs) are multiple SPLDs arrays and inter- connection arrays on a single chip. FPGA: (Field Programmable Gate Array) are a more flexible arrangement than CPLDs, with much larger capacity. Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs) are ICs with a large number of gates and flip flops that can be configured to perform a specific logic function or perform the logic for a complex circuit. Major types of PLDs are:

3. FPGAs compared to CPLDs CPLDsFPGAs Based on programmable AND array and fixed OR array. Based on look-up table (LUT), which is basically a truth table. (Results in higher density.) Usually EEPROM technology, so non- volatile. Usually SRAM technology, so volatile. Both are programmed using the same software, using either schematic entry or text entry.

4. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Digital Fundamentals, Tenth Edition Thomas L. Floyd Figure 11.34 The basic concept of an LUT programmed for a particular SOP output.

5. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights ReservedFloyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights ReservedFloyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed FPGAs An FPGA uses a different architecture than a CPLD. The configurable logic block (CLB) or logic array block (LAB) is the basic element which is replicated many times. CLBs are arranged in a row and column structure. Within the CLBs are logic modules joined by local interconnects. Generally, the logic modules are composed of a look-up table (LUT), a flip-flop, and a MUX that can be used to bypass the flip-flop for strictly combinational logic.

6. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights ReservedFloyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights ReservedFloyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed FPGAs Logic modules can be configured for combinational logic, registered logic, or a combination of both. The global interconnects distribute signals (including the clock) to various CLBs. FPGAs may also have a “hard core” portion of logic that is put in by the manufacturer and cannot be reprogrammed by the user. These FPGAs are useful in commonly used functions such as I/O interfaces.

7. FPGA Cores  Most SPLDs and CPLDs are completely blank when you buy them.  Because FPGAs are so dense, many chip-makers give the option of manufacturing some of the circuitry to perform a specific function, such as a microprocessor or a RAM.  Such pre-programmed circuitry is called a core.

8. Example Showing FPGA Cores (Fig. 11-43)

9. Hard Core, Soft Core, IP  A hard core is a core that cannot be reprogrammed by the user.  A soft core is a core that the user can reprogram to some extent.  Cores are also referred to as intellectual property (IP), since the chip-maker retains ownership of the core design.  Example on Altera’s website. Example on Altera’s website.

10. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights ReservedFloyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights ReservedFloyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed Review: Programmable Logic Software All manufacturers of programmable logic provide software to support their products. The process is illustrated in the flowchart. The first step is to enter the logic design into a computer. It is done in one of two ways: 1) Schematic entry 2) Hardware description language (HDL).

11. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights ReservedFloyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights ReservedFloyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed Review: Programmable Logic Software In schematic entry, the design is drawn on a computer screen by placing components and connecting then with simulated wires. After drawing the schematic, it can be reduced to a single block symbol:

12. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights ReservedFloyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights ReservedFloyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed Programmable Logic Software In text entry, the design is entered via a hardware description language such as VHDL or Verilog.

13. Hardware Description Languages (HDLs)  Many hardware description languages (HDLs) exist for text entry of PLD designs.  Learning an HDL takes longer than learning to do schematic entry. But for complex designs it can provide a more powerful and simpler way to enter designs.

14. Some Popular HDLs  Open-standard HDLs VHDL (IEEE 1076) Verilog (IEEE 1364)  Proprietary HDLs CUPL ABEL (Advanced Boolean Expression Language, now owned by Xilinx) AHDL (Altera HDL)

15. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights ReservedFloyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed A VHDL Sample One way of writing VHDL programs is to use Boolean-type statements. There are two parts to such a program: the entity and the architecture. The entity portion describes the I/O. The architecture portion describes the logic. Following is a short VHDL program showing the two parts. entity Example is port (B,C,D: in bit; X: out bit); end entity Example; architecture Behavior of Example is begin X <= (B or C) and D; end architecture Behavior;

16. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights ReservedFloyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed A Verilog Sample Another standard HDL is Verilog. In Verilog, the I/O and the logic is described in one unit called a module. Verilog uses specific symbols to stand for the Boolean logical operators. The following is the same program as in the previous slide, written for Verilog: module Example (X, B, C, D); input B, C, D; output X; assign X = (B | C)&D; endmodule

17. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights ReservedFloyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed© 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights ReservedFloyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed Boundary Scan Logic Boundary scan logic is circuitry on a PLD whose purpose is to let users test and program the chip. The JTAG standard (IEEE 1149.1) is a widely used open standard that defines four internal registers and five I/O signals for this purpose. Under normal operation, the boundary scan logic is “invisible”.

18. JTAG (IEEE 1149.1) Registers and I/O Signals  Registers Boundary scan register Bypass register Instruction register Optional: Identification register  I/O Signals TDI (Test Data In) TDO (Test Data Out) TMS (Test Mode Select) TCK (Test Clock) Optional: TRST (Test Reset)  See pp. 4-5 of Altera UP1 Board manual (on course website). See pp. 4-5 of Altera UP1 Board manual (on course website).

19. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Digital Fundamentals, Tenth Edition Thomas L. Floyd Figure 11.62 Greatly simplified diagram of a JTAG compliant (IEEE Std. 1149.1) programmable logic device (CPLD or FPGA). The BSCs (boundary scan cells) form the boundary scan register. Only a small number of BSCs are shown for illustration.

20. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Higher Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Digital Fundamentals, Tenth Edition Thomas L. Floyd Figure 11.63 Boundary scan logic diagram.

21. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights ReservedFloyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed Selected Key Terms PAL GAL Macrocell CPLD A type of one-time programmable SPLD that consists of a programmable array of AND gates that connects to a fixed array of OR gates. A reprogrammable type of SPLD that that is similar to a PAL except it uses a reprogrammable process technology, such as EEPROM instead of fuses. Part of a PAL, GAL, or CPLD that generally consists of one OR gate and some associated output logic. A complex reprogrammable logic device that consists basically of multiple SPLD arrays with programmable interconnections.

22. © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights ReservedFloyd, Digital Fundamentals, 10 th ed Selected Key Terms FPGA Design flow Schematic entry Text entry Boundary scan Field programmable gate array; a programmable logic device that uses the LUT as the basic logic element and generally employs either the antifuse or SRAM- based process technology The process or sequence carried out to program a target device. A method of placing a logic design into software using schematic symbols. A method of placing a logic design into software using a hardware description language (HDL). A method for internally testing a PLD based on the JTAG standard (IEEE Std. 1149.1).