1. Astrobiology: the origin, evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe Reminder: No class this Wednesday, Happy Thanksgiving! Next Monday: primarily review Next Wed: YOU each do class presentation (30 % of your final) Mon, Dec 9 Final exam. Would you all like to follow this with a potluck supper? (Colette and I will contribute major items!) No need to cook something! Outline of this class: Life, extreme life on earth Where else in solar system could life exist? Mars, Titan& Europa, Habitable zone (review), difficulty with estimating probability of life, Drake equation for estimating likelihood SETI: Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence

2. What defines life? the capacity to grow, metabolize (convert food to energy) respond (to stimuli), adapt reproduce What is necessary? Recent discoveries of life under extreme conditions on earth (extremophiles) show that neither sunlight nor oxygen are required

3. yellowstone Yellowstone National Park: microbes live in boiling water (90 C). Other pools are extremely acidic, yet microbes and bacteria thrive there

4. Life in extreme conditions on earth Black smoker, deep in the ocean: an example of life that has no need of sunlight: From vents deep in the ocean hydrogen sulfide provide energy for bacteria, which in turn feed clams, tube worms (up to 10 ft long)

5. A NASA favorite: Tardigrade (water bear) that survive at temps from absolute zero to above boiling, pressures up to 6x that of deepest ocean trenches, ionizing radiation. They can go without food or water for more than 10 years and then revive. Bacteria up to a mile underground: water seeps in, and bacteria generates energy from chemical reactions (Less than 1 mm long)

6. Are there other places in our solar system that might harbor life? We discussed the Goldilocks idea for Venus (too hot), Mars (too cold), Earth (just right) Temperatures that allow liquid water may be very important

7. Could there have been life on Mars in the distant past? 1996: Martian meteorite found on earth, could it be possible fossil life from Mars? Current thinking is that this is not a fossil, but it raises interesting questions

8. What about other places? The moons of gas giants

9. Moons of Jupiter (Ganymede, Europa) and Saturn (Titan) NASA missions in past 20 years have revealed a great deal: Europa: covered with ice, possibly liquid beneath the ice Titan: has atmosphere, and liquid surface (but not water…)

10. Europa: One of 4 Jupiter moons easily seen with small telescope - About the size of earth’s moon - Orbits Jupiter in about 4 days – so relatively close to Jupiter NASA Galileo mission, launched 1989, reached Jupiter 1995, orbited with flybys of moons until 2003 Found the surface of Europa is covered in ice, long fractures – suggests liquid water underneath ( heated by strong tides from Jupiter) Liquid water: raises possibility of primitive life? Next, an Aside on tides:

11. Aside on tides: Earth- moon: ocean tides caused by gravity ( force = mass, inverse distance) Tides consume energy (friction): lead to tidal locking Example of tidal locking: moon keeps one face to the earth all the time)

12. Surface of Europa, from the Galileo mission, showing “ice rafts” A theoretical model of possible ocean on Europa. (Rick Greenberg, UA) Scale: This image is 20 by 50 miles

13. NASA Cassini mission to Saturn: Launched 1997, arrived 2004 Cassini made multiple flybys of Venus, Earth and Jupiter to gain the required energy to reach Saturn It carried a probe, named Huygens, that parachuted to the surface of the moon Titan in 2005, sending back images of the descent Cassini is still orbiting Saturn, sending back data

14. Saturn’s largest moon: Titan View of surface from Huygens probe, which parachuted to the surface atmosphere Surface: Surface from about 30 km

15. Titan: further exploration suggest lakes of liquid methane, ethane: a “water cycle” than involves no water! While these are interesting places, we have no evidence of any form of life on them. Let’s turn to the stars.

16. Is extrasolar intelligent life likely? Let’s start with a statistical estimate exercise: how many left-handed, 8 year old boys are there is the US right now?

17. 1.Population of the US, P: 2.Fraction of males, F m 3.Fraction of people who are left handed F l 4.Fraction of population who are 8 years old F 8 Answer = P * F m * F l * F 8

18. Scientific Notation: or handling big numbers scientific notation: 1,000 = 10 3 = one thousand 1,000,000 = 10 6 = one million 1,000,000 = 10 9 = one billion 100 = 10 2 1000 = 10 3, 10 2 x 10 3 = 10 5 (add the exponents) (2 x 10 2 ) x (3 x 10 3) = 6 x 10 5 10 5 / 10 3 = 10 2 (subtract the exponents) Our CCD at 0.9m was 4 x 10 3 by 4 x 10 3 pixels. How many pixels total?

19. The Drake Equation: statistical estimate of the number of intelligent, communicating civilizations in our galaxy right now 1.Number of stars in our galaxy 2.Fraction of stars that have planets around them 3.Number of planets per star that are capable of supporting life (see habitable zone) 4.Fraction of planets where life evolves 5.Fraction of these planets where intelligent life evolves 6.Fraction of intelligent life that communicates 7.Fraction of a planet’s lifetime during which the civilizations communicate N equals the product of all these factors!

20. 1. How can we measure the number of stars in our galaxy? (This isn’t an actual picture of our galaxy. Why?)

21. How do we measure the number of stars in our galaxy? We can use the law of gravity to measure how much mass is within our galactic orbit. V c = velocity of sun around galactic center r = distance from sun to galactic center We divide this mass by the average mass per star to get the number of stars Current best number: 2-4x10 11 stars (200 to 400 billion)

22. 2. What is the fraction of stars that have planets? Kepler Project: indicates that practically all sun-like stars have planets Although Kepler looks at a very small fraction of the Milky Way galaxy, it should be representative of most

23. Is is appearing that the majority of planets are more earth-like than Jupiter-like

24. http://astro.unl.edu/naap/habitablezones/animations/stellarHab itableZone.html

25. Recall the habitable zone concept – warm enough for liquid water NOV 4 2013: KEPLER PRESS RELEASE: “one in five stars like the sun is home to a planet up to twice the size of Earth, orbiting in a temperate environment. “ 3. What number of planets are able to support life?

26. The other factors ( 4 through 7 ) are up to you: Note that this ONLY addresses our galaxy: there are about as many galaxies in the known universe as there are stars in our galaxy! Values you get?

27. So, how far might the nearest earth-like planet be? If there is intelligent life there, do they know about us? (the “I Love Lucy” effect)

28. Listening for intelligence: from Project Ozma (1960) to SETI (today)

29. SETI Project: search for intelligent signals SETI@home: 1998, citizen science program, using personal computers to help with data reduction, also support from Planetary Society (private group) Small percent of time devoted to this search,

30. SETI Project: the Allen Telescope array Need for more telescope time: proposal to build up to 350 small radio telescopes, supported by Paul Allen (Microsoft founder), located at Hat Creek Obs, CA Went on line in 2007, only 3 telescopes in place Survey 1,000,000 “nearby”stars for SETI emission Survey the galactic plane for very powerful transmitters

31. What sort of signal is SETI looking for? The Arecebo telescope does not track the sky, so a exterrestrial signal will drift through its beam. We might expect an intelligent exterrestrial signal to be narrow in frequency, rather than covering a broad range If the signal contains information, it will be pulsed Since planets (like us) probably rotate, it may show a Doppler shift, or change in frequency – and this would include pulses If we detect a signal, how will we decode it?

32. Needless to say, we haven’t heard anything… do you think we will? How will we decode it?