1. The Portuguese Trading Empire!
Section 1

2. .A. Portuguese Empire
Portugal would take a lead in the trading empire – under the help of Prince Henry the Navigator , Portuguese fleets began going south along the coast of Africa – discovering new sources of gold.
Vasco da Gama, went all around the cape and cut across the Indian Ocean to the coast of India!

6. 3. Even went on to DESTROY Muslim shipping trade routes so only Europeans cold profit from it. B. Voyages to America! 1. Now, as the Portuguese were going eastward for the spice trade, the Spanish wanted to reach it by sailing westward across the Atlantic Ocean!

7. 2. The Spanish overseas empire was different from Portugal… C
2. The Spanish overseas empire was different from Portugal… C. The voyages of Columbus! 1. Important figure in Spanish Exploration was an Italian named Christopher Columbus – educated Europeans knew the world was round, but had little understanding of the circumference - Columbus thought he could reach Asia by sailing west

10. 2. Columbus persuaded Queen Isabella and Ferdinand to give him the Nina, Pinta and Santa Maria – landed on the coast of Cuba and the island of Hispaniola. 3. Now, Columbus believed he had reached Asia! – went on 3 more voyages to try and find Asia – by his 4th voyage, he had landed on almost every island in the Caribbean! – all of which he called the Indies.

16. C. A Line of Demarcation –
The Treaty of Tordesillas – line would extend from North to South – divide South America up between Portugal and Spain.
D. Race to the Americas!
Others soon realized Columbus had discovered an entirely NEW frontier – now many raced to discover more of it.
A Venetian seamen, John Cabot, explored the New England coastline in North America.

18. 3. The Portuguese Sea Captain Amerigo Vespucci – a Florentine, went on many voyages - led to the name America – for which he landed on.
E. The Spanish Empire!!
Spanish conquers – known as the Conquistadores were individuals with guns and determination – which would being them INCREDIBEL success.
In South America, an expedition led by Francisco Pissarro took control of the Incan Empire in the Andes

19. Bartolome de las Casas

26. 3. Within 30 year, lands in Mexico and Central America were under Spanish control. 4. By 1523, Spanish had crated a system of colonization in the Americas. Queen Isabella declared Native Americans the “Indies” – subjects of her empire. – she granted encomienda – or, the right to use Native Americans as laborers.

28. Encomienda..
5. Put to work in gold mines or on sugar plantations – no one protected them: Forced labor, starvation and disease took a toll on most of their lives. 6. When the Spanish first arrived, there was around 250,000 – 10 years later, only 500 remained.

33. 7. IN the early years, Catholic missionaries came and baptized those where were left – built schools and hospitals – made it a very European society F. Economic Impact on the Competition! 1. Conqueres were also affected – the Colonists established plantations to raise sugar, cotton, vanilla, livestock to export back to Europe.

34. 2. This exchange of plants and animals was known as the Columbian Exchange. – trader of Old and New World goods. 3. Rivals Enter the scene!! – New European countries - such as the French and Dutch. – During the 1600s, for ex. The French explored present day Canada – The Dutch explored present day New York – called it New Amsterdam (NYC’s original name)

35. G. Trade, Colonies and Mercantilism
Ked by Portugal and Spain, European nations in the 1500’s established many trading posts and colonies - remember – a COLONY is a settlement of people living in a NEW PLACE linked with their parent company.
With the development of colonies – played a huge role in theory of Mercantilism – belief that prosperity of a nation relied on gold and silver.

36. Colonies were considered important both as sources of raw materials and markets for finished goods.

37. Section 2 – Africa in Transition
The Slave Trade
Slavery had been practiced in Africa for many many years. Cane sugar was introduced to Europe from SW Asia - plantations, large agricultural estates were set up along the coast of Brazil and in the Caribbean to grow sugarcane.

38. Growing cane demanded a lot of labor – most Natives had now died off – who would be next??
African slaves were now being shipped off to Brazil and Caribbean to work on plantations.
Growth of Slave Trade
1. Slavery became part of the Triangular Slave Trade – pattern was connected to Europe, Africa and Asia.

40. 2. European merchant ships carried European manufactured goods , such as guns and clothes to Africa – dropped them off in Africa and picked up Slaves – the next leg of the journey – from Africa to the Americas was known as the Middle Passage – drop off slaves and sell the, then with the money, they would buy tobacco and sugar and raw cotton and shipped back to Europe to make manufactured goods – The process happens over and over…

41. B. Sources of Slaves…
Most slaves in Africa were originally prisoners of war – when Europeans began to take part – bought slaves from local African merchants at slave markets on the coast of Africa – in exchange for guns and gold.
Local Rulers though began to worry..too many slaves were being taken…

42. 3. IN a letter to the king of Portugal, King Afonso of the Congo stating “So great the corruption that our population is completed depopulated” Protests were ignored by the Europeans C. Effects of the Slave Trade… a. Depopulation of some areas b. need for constant supply of slaves crated warfare in Africa. c. increased raids and wars on neighbor tribes.

43. d. Devastating effect on African culture – Benin is a prime example – as population decreased, people of Benin lost their faith in their Gods, art deteriorated, human sacrifice became more common.. II. Political and Social Structures.. A. Traditional Political Systems 1. Many African states ere more like collections of small principalities knitted together .

44. 2. State of Ashanti on the Gold Coast was an example – local rulers of independent small states - family relations linked them all together – the king always had an exquisite golden stool as a symbol. 3. The Ibo society of eastern Nigeria was also based on independent villages. Active traders and produced more slaves than anyone else on earth.

45. Take out a sheet of paper.