1. Trolley Case Study Overview: March, 2003 CO 2 Emissions Reduction Potential for Santiago, Chile Center for Clean Air Policy (CCAP) Cambio Climatico y Desarrollo (CC&D) International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) Funded by: Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)

2. 2 Why Consider Electric Trolleys? Recommended by Steering Committee as a potential project in need of further analysis Benefits vs. diesel buses –No ground-level emissions –Reduced maintenance costs & noise –Potential to reduce CO 2 emissions Santiago has access to clean source of electricity

3. 3 Range of Key Variables Key VariablesLow-floor Articulated Electric Trolley Low-entrance Articulated Diesel Bus Vehicle Price$500,000 - $550,000 (Skoda) $180,000 (CGTS) Infrastructure (per km) $130,000 - $260,000 (incremental) N/A Energy Efficiency2.6 - 3.8 kWh / km2.0 - 2.4 km / L Energy Price$0.10/kWh$0.45/liter Vehicle Life20 years14 years Interest Rate (%)12%

4. 4 Key Operational Variables Key VariablesLow-floor Articulated Electric Trolley Low-entrance Articulated Diesel Bus Length of Route12 km Station Spacing500 m Passengers/hour15,000 Vehicle Capacity125 Mean Vehicle Speed24 km/hr22 km/hr Maintenance Reserve5%7.5% Number of Vehicles200215

5. 5 1. Cost Comparisons Step 1: Utilized a spreadsheet tool to compare costs of articulated diesel buses to articulated trolleys –Included capital and operating costs –Annualized all costs

6. 6 Annual Capital & Operating Costs Annual Cost in $USD Low-floor Articulated Electric Trolley Low-entrance Articulated Diesel Bus FIXED Vehicle$16.8M - $18.5M$7.4M Infrastructure$0.2M - $0.5M N/A VARIABLE Energy$3.1M - $4.5M$2.3M - $2.8M Maintenance$8.6M$11.1M Labor$7.2M$7.6M Total Cost$36.9M - 40.2M$29.2M - $29.7M Incremental Cost$7.2M - $11.0M

7. 7 2. Energy Use Step 2: Calculated energy use –Diesel: based on measurements in Santiago Assumed articulated buses use 20% more energy –Trolley: based on manufacturer data (SKODA)

8. 8 3. CO 2 Emissions Step 3: Calculated CO 2 emissions –Electric Trolleys = estimates for Santiago’s electric emissions (SIC grid) Assumed a range of generation mixes Calculated emissions based on generation estimates –Diesel Buses = Used standard factor

9. 9 2010 Estimated Electricity Emissions for Santiago Energy Source (tCO 2 /GWh) 2010 Clean 2010 Medium 2010 Dirty Hydro (0)61%50% New Thermal (392)17%20%0% Thermal (758)22%30%50% Weighted Average233306379

10. 10 4. Cost per ton CO 2 Step 4: Estimated the Cost per tCO 2 –Based upon a range of cost variables for trolleys & diesel buses –Framed a range of potential CO 2 reductions from the use of electric trolleys

11. 11 Range of CO 2 Benefits From Electric Trolley Trolley vs. Diesel ‘Clean’ Trolley vs. ‘Dirty’ Diesel ‘Dirty’ Trolley vs. ‘Clean’ Diesel Trolley (kg CO 2 /km)0.61.4 Diesel (kg CO 2 /km)1.31.1 Annual Incremental Cost of Trolley $7.2 M$11.0 M tCO 2 Savings (per yr)8,600- 4,000 COST per tCO2 /yr$830 n/a

12. 12 Range of CO 2 Benefits From Electric Trolley – 100% Hydro Trolley vs. Diesel ‘Green’ Trolley vs. ‘Dirty’ Diesel ‘Green’ Trolley vs. ‘Clean’ Diesel Trolley (kg CO 2 /km)0.0 Diesel (kg CO 2 /km)1.31.1 Annual Incremental Cost of Trolley $7.2 M$11.0 M tCO 2 Savings (per yr)16,00013,300 COST per tCO2 /yr$450$830

13. 13 Conclusions: Electric Trolleys Low CO 2 benefits, high costs –100% hydro-power increases CO 2 benefits, but still expensive Air quality, health and noise benefits not quantified Trolley technology may be more attractive to passengers than buses

14. 14 Fin? Source: http://www.tbus.org.uk/gallery.htm