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The Eight Units of Grammar Review

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1 The Eight Units of Grammar Review
Language Arts The Eight Units of Grammar Review

2 Noun : a word that states A Person A Place A Thing
An Idea (Abstract Nouns)

3 Kinds of Nouns

4 A word that expresses action or otherwise helps to make a statement
The Verb A word that expresses action or otherwise helps to make a statement “be” verbs Action Subject Linking predicate

5 Action Verbs Action verbs express mental or physical action. Something is being done by someone or something. Action verbs are TRANSITIVE or INTRANSITIVE! Action verbs can have a direct object or both a direct and indirect object.

6 Linking Verbs Linking verbs make a statement by connecting the subject with a word that describes or explains it. Linking verbs are INTRANSITIVE! Linking verbs contain a predicate noun or adjective. Pay attention to irregular verb forms!

7 Verb Forms (using “to work”)
Principal Parts Base form – work Present Participle – (is/are) working Past Tense – worked Past Participle – (has/have) worked Perfect Tenses Present Perfect – has, have worked Past Perfect – had worked Future Perfect – will have worked

8 Verb Forms (using “to work”)
Progressive Forms Present Progressive – is/are working Past Progressive –was/were working Future Progressive – will be working Progressive Perfect Tenses Present Perfect Progressive – has/have been working Past Perfect Progressive – had been working Future Perfect Progressive – will have been working

9 The Adjective Which? What kind? How many? Answers these questions:
Modifies (or describes) a noun or pronoun. Answers these questions: Did you find your mechanical pencil? Which? Is that a wool uniform? What kind? There are five branches on that bush. How many?

10 The Adverb How? When? Where? Modifies or describes
a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Answers the questions: How? Bob ran quickly. When? Sue left yesterday. We went there. Where? It was too cold! To what degree or how much?

11 Adjectives & Adverbs Degrees of Comparison Comparative – Compares two.
Can be formed with – er or more. Superlative – Compares three or more. Can be formed with – est or most. Pause after discussing “where” and listen for the sound of the car keys…click to find the keys.

12 Mechanics Interjections Proper Nouns & Proper Adjectives
Can be set off with a comma or an exclamation point. Wow! I loved the movie. Oh, I made a mistake. Proper Nouns & Proper Adjectives Proper nouns begin with a capital letter. Proper Adjectives are formed from proper nouns and are capitalized.

13 Mechanics Commas Use a comma to separate items in a series.
Use a comma b/t 2 or more adjectives that come before a noun. Use a comma to separate the simple sentence in a compound sentence. Use commas after words, phrases, and clauses that come at the beginning of sentence. Use commas to separate appositives, nouns of direct address, or interrupters.

14 Mechanics Dates and Letters Use commas to separate:
The month and the day from the year Between the city and the state After the state if the address is within a sentence Use a comma after the greeting and after the closing in a friendly letter. Use a colon after the greeting in a business letter.

15 Mechanics Titles Use quotation marks for the titles of short works
Short story, poem, chapter of a book, magazine or newspaper article, or title of a song. Underline the titles of long works. Book, magazine, newspaper, play, musical, movie, TV series, painting, albums, or musical works Capitalize all important words in a title.

16 The Pronoun The pronoun is a word used in place of one or more nouns.
It may substitute for a person, place, thing, or idea. Indefinite Pronouns anybody each either none someone, one, etc. Demonstrative Pronouns this that these those Personal, Possessive, and Reflexive /Intensive Pronouns I, me, mine you, your, yours she, her, hers, we, us, our, ours it, its they, them, their, theirs myself yourself Interrogative Pronouns who whom what which whose

17 The Pronoun The pronoun is a word used in place of one or more nouns.
It may substitute for a person, place, thing, or idea. Subject Pronouns I You He She It We These are used for They the subjects of sentences or after linking verbs. Object Pronouns Me You Him Her It Us Them These are used within the predicate as direct or indirect objects and objects of a preposition.

18 The Preposition A preposition introduces a noun or pronoun,
or a phrase or clause functioning in the sentence as a noun. The word or word group that the preposition introduces is its object of the preposition. They received a postcard from Barry telling about his cruise to Alaska.

19 The preposition never stands alone!
noun object of preposition preposition pronoun object You can’t see the dirt under the carpet. preposition can have more than one object Her text message to Ali and Raven brought good news. object can have modifiers It occurred during the last hurricane.

20 Common Prepositions aboard about above across after against along
among around at before behind below beneath beside between beyond by down during except for from in into like of off on over past since through throughout to toward under underneath until up upon with within without

21 Prep Phrases as Modifiers
Prep Phrases as Adjectives Begins with a preposition and ends with a noun/pronoun Used to modify a noun or pronoun. Usually follow directly after the noun or pronoun. Prep Phrases as Adverbs Used to modify a verb, adjective or adverb. Can be ANYWHERE within the sentence.

22 Participles & Participial Phrases
A verb form used as an ADJECTIVE. Use the present participle or past participle form of a verb as the verbal. Participial Phrases Is made up of a participle and its accompanying words and functions as an ADJECTIVE. May contain a direct object, prepositional phrases, and adverbs

23 Gerunds & Gerund Phrases
A verb form used as NOUN. Subject, Direct Object, Object of a Preposition, Predicate Nouns Use the present participle form of a verb as the verbal. Gerund Phrases Is made up of a gerund accompanied by an adjective, adverb, a direct object, or a prepositional phrase. Functions as a NOUN (subject, direct object, object of a preposition, or a predicate noun) Use a possessive noun or pronoun BEFORE the gerund.

24 Infinitives & Infinitive Phrases
A verb form used as a NOUN, ADJECTIVE, or an ADVERB. Formed with the word to and the base form of the verb. Infinitive Phrases Is made up of an infinitive and the words that complete the meaning. Functions as a NOUN, ADJECTIVE, or an ADVERB

25 Clauses Clause – a group of words that has a subject and a predicate.
Phrase – contains a subject or a Predicate but not both Subordinate clause – doesn’t express a complete thought and can’t stand alone

26 Adjective Clauses Modifies a noun or pronoun
A relative pronoun such as who, whom, whose, which, or that usually introduces the clause Where and when may also introduce an adjective clause

27 Essential & Nonessential
Clauses An essential clause identifies the noun or pronoun it modifies AND it’s not set off by commas. A nonessential clause gives extra information about the noun or pronoun it modifies AND it’s set off by commas.

28 Adverb Clauses A subordinate clause used as an adverb.
A subordinating conjunction introduces an adverb clause. Use a comma after an adverb clause that begins a sentence.

29 Noun Clauses Is a subordinate clause used as a noun.
Use who and whoever as subjects of noun clauses. Use whom and whomever as objects in noun clauses.


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