1. Lawrence G. Roberts CEO Anagran lroberts@anagran.com September 2005 Advances Toward Economic and Efficient Terabit LANs and WANs

2. Copyright Anagran 2005 Switching History – Byte, Packet, Flow Switching Technology Improvement 0.00001 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 196019701980199020002010 Decisions per Bit TDM – One Byte per Decision Packet Routing – 1 Packet / Decision FSA Routers- 1 Flow / Decision 7000 Bytes 500 Bytes 40 Bytes 1 Byte 1969 40:1 2003 14:1 ATM – 1 cell / decision 52 Bytes Less Decisions / bit reduces routing cost, not port cost $ Cost First Generation Second Generation

3. Copyright Anagran 2005 What is a Flow Router ? A Flow is a stream of packets between one user/system and another – In IPv4 it is uniquely identified by the 5-tupple (Destination. Address, Source Address, Protocol, Destination Port, Source Port) – In IPv6 it is uniquely identified by the 3-tupple ( D-Address. S -Address, Flow Label) A Flow Router : –Identifies the Flow in a Flow State Memory –Routes the Flow if it is a new flow and determines the QoS (Rate, Delay, etc) QoS can be determined with ACL commands from DiffServ, Ports, Protocol, etc. QoS can also be signaled in the first packet using TIA 1039 or the ITU equivalent –Subsequent packets in the flow are QoS controlled and switched to the output port The result is less expensive, supports ATM quality QoS, and gains many advantages from knowledge of the flow Packets Flows

4. Copyright Anagran 2005 Comparison of Router Designs Level 2 Packet Level 2/3 Packet Level 3 Packet Level 3 Flow Aware Address Total Net Denial of Service ACL Commands DiffServ Priority Address Total Net Denial of Service ACL Commands DiffServ Priority Delay Control Rate Control Burst Tolerance Precedence Multiple Routes DDOS Control High Utilization Fairness – P2P Low Cost Source Checking High Cost Best Route Only Limited Routing Best Route Only Broadcast Storms MAC Routing Best Route Only Good Bad

5. Copyright Anagran 2005 Benefits of Flow Router Technology Supporting a Grid Center Connect up over 1000 Servers together - 1 FSA Router Higher Server Throughput ( 2:1 typical ) Layer 3 Routing - no broadcast noise, Secure Subnets QoS for Video, Voice, and Storage Transfers Disaster Recovery can use Guaranteed Rate Multiple Routes Available for any Path Network Backup Site GE 10 GE

6. Copyright Anagran 2005 Benefits at the Edge of a WAN FSA Router Route Premium Traffic over Red Guarantee Voice/Video end-to-end Route Best Effort over Blue Use all current capacity DSLAM’s DSL Packet Router Current Core Network WiFi Mesh Cable Networks CMTS Ethernet to Buildings Guaranteed Rate IP and/or MPLS Tunnels Used to interconnect Flow Routers and provide Guaranteed Rate sub-network Video Server Node Used for Switching Could use multiple nodes Control QoS at the Edge Provide Fairness Support Video and Voice Route over best path

7. Copyright Anagran 2005 QoS Signaling (TIA 1039 and ITU) Allows TCP Jumpstart Major Improvement in Page Access over Long Delay (Satellite) or High Error rate (Radio) paths 10:1 Faster for Cross Country 20:1 Faster for Satellite or Noisy Radio Available Rate is requested and negotiated down across the network, returning the best rate available The Sender can then Jump TCP to that rate If the network changes, a new rate is returned If errors occur, the user need not reduce rate

8. Copyright Anagran 2005 Flow Routers Support Guaranteed Rate Flows GR Limit New Flow Accepted since under limit Link Capacity When precedence is enabled, new flow of high priority if over capacity is accepted and lower priority flow is dropped New High Priority Flow Accepted Low Priority Flow Dropped New Flow Discarded since over limit Without QoS signaling, GR flows are rejected when max capacity is reached With QoS Signaling (TIA 1039 or ITU) the flow has a precedence which is used to determine which flows are rejected Precedence is critical for emergency services and military, important for office and home Sender Receiver GR=2 QoS Signaling for Guaranteed Rate

9. Copyright Anagran 2005 Summary For 35 years it has been believed that keeping flow information or “State” is bad-all IP routers were developed without using flow state Now, economics have changed and flow state or FSA can: – Significant Cost Reduction from Standard Layer 3 IP Packet Router Flow Memory cost too much to do Flow Routing for first 20 years Now Packet Routing costs too much and routing once per flow is less expensive – Raise Utilization to 83% from 40% due to major reduction in Variance – Control QoS for Guaranteed SLA’s (Video, Voice, Gaming) – Allow Load Balancing across all near-equal-cost paths in network – Improve Security with DDOS protection and Flow Authorization – Provide Fairness and Accounting – Permit QoS to be signaled and agreed on end-to-end across a network – GR IP Tunnels allow total scalability of VPN’s with signaled setup