1. Makanan Ikan: Pelet Versus Ikan Baja – Yang Mana Lebih Mapan?
Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture Industry
Makanan Ikan: Pelet Versus Ikan Baja – Yang Mana Lebih Mapan?
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Mohammed Suhaimee Abd. Manaf
FRI Pulau Sayak
08500 Kota Kuala Muda
Jabatan Perikanan
Malaysia

2. Sasaran pengeluaran ikan laut pada tahun 2020: 107,700 Tan Metrik
Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture Industry
Pencapaian dan Unjuran Pengeluaran Akuakultur Mengikut Jenis, (‘000 Tan Metrik)
Sasaran pengeluaran ikan laut pada tahun 2020: 107,700 Tan Metrik
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Sumber: Dasar Agromakanan Negara ( ), Bab 7, ms. 82

3. Jenis Makanan Akuakultur Ikan Laut di Malaysia
Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture Industry
Jenis Makanan Akuakultur Ikan Laut di Malaysia
Ikan Baja
Pelet rumusan lembap
Pelet rumusan kering
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4. Penggunaan Ikan Baja Sebagai Makanan Ikan
Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture Industry
Penggunaan Ikan Baja Sebagai Makanan Ikan
Hampir 90% ternakan ikan laut diberi makan ikan baja (Che Utama & Ahmad, 2005).
Ikan baja - tangkapan sampingan pukat tunda.
Lebih 340,000 Tan Metrik (24.8%) dari pendaratan hasil tangkapan Malaysia (Perangkaan Perikanan, 2009).
~25% daripada keseluruhan pendaratan ikan.
Tahun 2020 – sasaran 1.76 juta
Tan Metrik pendaratan ikan.
440,000 Tan Metrik ikan baja.
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5. Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture Industry
Pencapaian dan Unjuran Pendaratan Laut Pantai dan Laut Dalam, 2000 – 2020 (Juta Tan Metrik)
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Sumber: Dasar Agromakanan Negara ( ), Bab 4, ms. 55.

6. Purata FCR ikan laut yang diberi makan ikan baja = 7:1
Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture Industry
Anggaran Penggunaan Ikan Baja Sebagai Makanan Ternakan Ikan Laut (2010)
Pengeluaran ikan laut pada tahun 2010: 40,900 Tan Metrik = 36,810 Tan Metrik (90% penternak)
Purata FCR ikan laut yang diberi makan ikan baja = 7:1
Maka anggaran penggunaan ikan baja tahun 2010 = 257,670 Tan Metrik!
Anggaran pendaratan ikan tahun 2010 = 1.36 juta Tan Metrik.
Anggaran jumlah ikan baja = 340,000 Tan Metrik (25% dari jumlah pendaratan ikan).
What is the project about?
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Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
Sumber: Unjuran Dasar Agromakanan Negara ( ), DOF

7. Purata FCR ikan laut yang diberi makan ikan baja = 7:1
Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture Industry
Anggaran Penggunaan Ikan Baja Sebagai Makanan Ternakan Ikan Laut (2015)
Pengeluaran ikan laut pada tahun 2015: 61,100 Tan Metrik = 54,990 Tan Metrik (90% penternak)
Purata FCR ikan laut yang diberi makan ikan baja = 7:1
Maka anggaran penggunaan ikan baja tahun 2015 = 384,930 Tan Metrik!
Anggaran pendaratan ikan tahun 2015 = 1.52 juta Tan Metrik.
Anggaran jumlah ikan baja = 380,000 Tan Metrik (25% dari jumlah pendaratan ikan).
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
Sumber: Unjuran Dasar Agromakanan Negara ( ), DOF

8. Purata FCR ikan laut yang diberi makan ikan baja = 7:1
Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture Industry
Pencapaian dan Unjuran Pengeluaran Akuakultur Mengikut Jenis, (‘000 Tan Metrik)
Sasaran pengeluaran ikan laut pada tahun 2020: 107,700 Tan Metrik (96,930 Tan Metrik)
Purata FCR ikan laut yang diberi makan ikan baja = 7:1
Maka keperluan ikan baja tahun = 678,510 Tan Metrik!
Unjuran 2020 hanya dapat 440,000 Tan Metrik ikan baja.
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
Sumber: Dasar Agromakanan Negara ( ), Bab 7, ms. 82

9. Penggunaan Ikan Baja Sebagai Makanan Ikan
Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture Industry
Penggunaan Ikan Baja Sebagai Makanan Ikan
Kelebihan ikan baja:
Harga murah (RM /kg).
Bekalan senang dapat.
Pemerhatian penternak:-
- ikan lebih selera makan
- ikan lebih cepat besar
- ikan lebih sedap rasanya
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings

10. Penggunaan Ikan Baja Sebagai Makanan Ikan
Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture Industry
Penggunaan Ikan Baja Sebagai Makanan Ikan
Masalah Ikan Baja:
Bekalan tidak menentu - musim tengkujuh.
Jangka hayat yang pendek - perlu disejukbekukan (kos penyimpanan)
Sejukbeku - kandungan zat berkurangan dalam masa hanya 14 hari.
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings

11. Penggunaan Ikan Baja Sebagai Makanan Ikan
Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture Industry
Penggunaan Ikan Baja Sebagai Makanan Ikan
Masalah Ikan Baja:
Ikan baja biasanya mudah hancur dalam mulut ikan % akan hilang semasa makan. FCR tinggi – 7:1 (siakap), 6:1 (kerapu).
Sisa ikan baja yang tidak ditelan akan menjadi reput di dasar sangkar atau kolam - kualiti air merosot menyebabkan pencemaran.
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings

12. Penggunaan Ikan Baja Sebagai Makanan Ikan
Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture Industry
Penggunaan Ikan Baja Sebagai Makanan Ikan
Masalah Ikan Baja:
Pemindahan penyakit dan parasit.
Sejukbeku mungkin membunuh sebahagian parasit.
Kebanyakan bakteria dan virus penyebab penyakit akan bertahan.
Berpotensi untuk menjangkiti ikan ternakan.
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
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Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings

13. Penggunaan Ikan Baja Sebagai Makanan Ikan
Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture Industry
Penggunaan Ikan Baja Sebagai Makanan Ikan
Masalah Ikan Baja:
Kehadiran enzim thiaminase yang memusnahkan vitamin B, thiamina - perlu buang isiperut
Tidak mapan - sebahagian spesis ikan baja perlu dibiarkan hidup dan menyumbang kepada perikanan tangkapan
Halangan perdagangan untuk ikan yang dihasilkan menggunakan ikan baja.
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
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14. Penggunaan Pelet Rumusan Sebagai Makanan Ikan
Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture Industry
Penggunaan Pelet Rumusan Sebagai Makanan Ikan
Kelebihan penggunaan pelet:
Makanan rumusan mengandungi zat yang sempurna berbanding ikan baja.
Bekalan berterusan dan mudah didapati sepanjang tahun.
Jangka hayat yang lebih panjang - boleh disimpan lebih lama tanpa rosak (perlu ruang simpan yang baik).
What is the project about?
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Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings

15. Penggunaan Pelet Rumusan Sebagai Makanan Ikan
Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture Industry
Penggunaan Pelet Rumusan Sebagai Makanan Ikan
Kelebihan penggunaan pelet:
Lebih mudah digunakan
Tidak perlu tenaga kerja yang ramai
Bekalan berterusan
Penggunaan semakin meluas
Tidak perlu disejukbeku.
What is the project about?
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Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings

16. Penggunaan Pelet Rumusan Sebagai Makanan Ikan
Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture Industry
Penggunaan Pelet Rumusan Sebagai Makanan Ikan
Masalah Penggunaan Pelet:
Harga pelet komersial mahal dan semakin meningkat (~RM4.50/kg)
Masalah ikan yang diternak lambat besar – zat yang tidak seimbang
Masalah ikan yang diternak mempunyai rasa ‘off-flavour’ (bau lumpur) – tiada teknik ‘purging’
Masalah pengetahuan teknikal penternak untuk menyediakan makanan rumusan peringkat ladang – perlu latihan dan kemahiran.
What is the project about?
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Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
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17. Penggunaan Pelet Rumusan Sebagai Makanan Ikan
Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture Industry
Penggunaan Pelet Rumusan Sebagai Makanan Ikan
Isu penggunaan pelet rumusan:
Ramai penternak yang tersalah anggap dengan membandingkan harga secara kasar berdasarkan kos sekilogram (ikan baja: RM1.50/kg).
Pelet rumusan mengandungi hanya 10% kelembapan berbanding 75% kelembapan dalam ikan baja.
Hanya perbandingan berdasarkan nisbah pertukaran makanan (FCR) sahaja sudah boleh digunakan untuk menilai.
What is the project about?
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18. Pelet vs Ikan Baja Sebagai Makanan Ikan
Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture Industry
Pelet vs Ikan Baja Sebagai Makanan Ikan
Apa yang berlaku bila ikan makan?
What is the project about?
Define the goal of this project
Is it similar to projects in the past or is it a new effort?
Define the scope of this project
Is it an independent project or is it related to other projects?
* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings

19. Pelet vs Ikan Baja Sebagai Makanan Ikan
Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture Industry
Pelet vs Ikan Baja Sebagai Makanan Ikan
Apa yang berlaku bila ikan makan?
Harga protein – paling mahal
Harga protein ikan baja (RM1.50/kg) – RM0.02/kg
Harga protein pelet (RM4.50/kg) – RM0.10/kg
Keperluan optimum protein ikan laut – 45.0/g (45.0%)
Perkara
Ikan Baja
Pelet
Protein (%)
68.0
45.0
Lemak (%)
10.0
Karbohidrat (%)
22.0
Tenaga (kcal/g)
450
Protein terbuang ke laut (%)
23.0 na
Kerugian (RM/kg)
2.30
What is the project about?
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20. Penggunaan Pelet Sebagai Makanan Ikan
Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture Industry
Penggunaan Pelet Sebagai Makanan Ikan
Kajian Perbandingan (NACA, 2010):
China: Siakap Merah (Lutjanus erythopterus) dan Kerapu Hijau (Epinephelus coioides)
Indonesia: Kerapu Harimau (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus).
Thailand: Siakap Putih (Lates calcarifer) dan Kerapu Harimau.
Vietnam: Bawal Mas (Trachinotus blochii) and Siakap Merah.
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21. Penggunaan Pelet Sebagai Makanan Ikan
Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture Industry
Penggunaan Pelet Sebagai Makanan Ikan
Kajian FRI, DOF & WWF-Malaysia (2012) – Ternakan Kerapu Harimau dalam tangki guna pelet kering:
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Courtesy: WWF-Malaysia/Nadiah Rosli.

22. Isu penggunaan pelet rumusan kering
Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture Industry
Isu penggunaan pelet rumusan kering
Harga tepung ikan yang semakin meningkat
2012: ~RM5.70/kg
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2002: ~RM2.60/kg
Sumber: indexmundi.com

23. Isu penggunaan pelet rumusan kering
Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture Industry
Isu penggunaan pelet rumusan kering
Pengeluaran tepung ikan tempatan yang statik ~ 40,000 Tan Metrik
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24. Isu penggunaan pelet rumusan kering
Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture Industry
Isu penggunaan pelet rumusan kering
Lebih 85% tepung ikan digunakan dalam akuakultur di Asia (IFFO, 2012)
Prof. Ronald W. Hardy (Idaho Univ.)
Tahun 2008: > 45% tepung ikan untuk akuakultur
100% tepung ikan untuk akuakultur (5-10 tahun lagi) – tidak mapan
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25. Amalan ke arah ternakan ikan yang mapan
Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture Industry
Amalan ke arah ternakan ikan yang mapan
Kajian penggantian tepung ikan oleh FRI, DOF
Hanan et. al. (2008) – potensi guna 100% tepung CIM ganti tepung ikan dalam diet ikan keli Afrika.
Saadiah et. al. (2008) – potensi guna 60% PBM (poultry by-product meal) ganti tepung ikan dalam diet cobia (aruan tasik).
Mohammed Suhaimee et. al (2011) – potensi guna 30% protein liqueur dari fermentasi sisa kepala udang ganti tepung ikan dalam diet siakap.
Isu halal – MBM, Tepung darah, Tepung bulu dsb. Malaysia sebagai ‘Halal-Hub’
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26. Amalan ke arah ternakan ikan yang mapan
Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture Industry
Amalan ke arah ternakan ikan yang mapan
Penyediaan makanan rumusan peringkat ladang:
Terdapat 3 langkah:-
Alat penghancur: menghaluskan ramuan- ramuan untuk pencampuran yang sempurna,
Alat pengadun: membentuk adunan yang sekata,
Alat pembentuk: membentuk adunan kepada saiz dan bentuk yang sesuai dengan ikan.
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27. Amalan ke arah ternakan ikan yang mapan
Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture Industry
Amalan ke arah ternakan ikan yang mapan
Bantuan khidmat kepakaran formulasi makanan rumusan lembap menggunakan kemudahan mesin ‘in situ’ yang dibeli penternak:
Formulasi dengan ikan baja:
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*Kos ramuan setiap kg.: RM1.82

28. Amalan ke arah ternakan ikan yang mapan
Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture Industry
Amalan ke arah ternakan ikan yang mapan
Bantuan khidmat kepakaran pemprosesan makanan rumusan kering menggunakan kemudahan FRI Pulau Sayak:
Kemudahan: Bengkel pemprosesan makanan rumusan
Jenis pengeluaran: Pelet tenggelam (kering)
Kapasiti pengeluaran: 1 tan/hari
Latihan pemprosesan membuat pelet.
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29. Amalan ke arah ternakan ikan yang mapan
Towards Sustainable Growth of the Malaysian Aquaculture Industry
Amalan ke arah ternakan ikan yang mapan
Formulasi dengan bahan ramuan yang boleh didapati di pasaran.
What is the project about?
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* Note that this slide is not necessary for weekly status meetings
*Kos ramuan setiap kg.: RM2.69

30. Thank You
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