1. Cryptanalysis of the Revised NTRU Signature Scheme (NSS) Craig Gentry (DoCoMo) Mike Szydlo (RSA)

2. Cryptanalysis of the Revised NTRU Signature Scheme/ 2 A Brief History of NSS “Preliminary NSS” Presented at Crypto 2000 Rump Broken by Mironov, and by the inventors NSS in Eurocrypt 2001 proceedings Forgery / key recovery attacks presented at Eurocrypt Rump by Gentry, Jonsson, Stern, and Szydlo Motivated new key-gen, sign, and verify procedures “Revised” NSS Sketched at Eurocrypt 2001, details in EESS doc (May) Still insecure – we give key recovery attacks…

3. Cryptanalysis of the Revised NTRU Signature Scheme/ 3 Revised NSS, Details Basic Elements are Polynomials. Full (unreduced ring) is Z[x]/(x N -1), (N = 251) ( Also Called Cyclotomic Integers). Multiplication in ring also called convolution. Auxiliary Rings and Polynomials Truncated Polynomial Ring Z[x]/(x N -1) mod 128 A Small Polynomial” has only {-1,0,1} coefficients.

4. Cryptanalysis of the Revised NTRU Signature Scheme/ 4 Key Generation Private Components f1, g1, u  Z[x]/(x N -1) are small polynomials. (standardized number of {-1,0,1} coefficients). f=3*f1+u, and g=3*g1+u. are computed. Let v be the small polynomial with u*v=1 (mod 3). The private key components are (f,g,v) Public Components Let f_inv be a polynomial with f*f_inv=1 (mod 128). Let h be f_inv*g (mod 128). The public key is (h)

5. Cryptanalysis of the Revised NTRU Signature Scheme/ 5 Signature Signature (s, t) is computed from f, g, v and message m Algorithm: Let w1,w2 be random small masking polynomials. (Generated by a sub-algorithm). Let w0 be the small poly. with w0=(m+w1) (mod 3). Let s=f*(w0+3w2) (mod 128) Let t=g*(w0+3w2) (mod 128) The signature is (s, t). (Note t is also publicly computable from s and h)

6. Cryptanalysis of the Revised NTRU Signature Scheme/ 6 Verification Multiple Tests, including Norm Conditions Use division modulo 128 and centered norm. | (s-m)/p | < B, and | (t-m) | < B. | (s-t)/p | < B2, and | (t-m) | < B. Distribution Tests “Mod 3” - Bounds on # coefs of s & t (mod 3). “Quartile” - Bounds # of coefs in [-64,64] Thus s and t appear to be from right distribution.

7. Cryptanalysis of the Revised NTRU Signature Scheme/ 7 Lifting the Signatures Design motivation of reduction mod q Hide more information about f and g. Only known lattice was dimension 2N. (NTRU Lattice) “Unreduced” signatures would allow dim N. Attacks. For “equivalent” security use half the key size Lifting Technique: Apply CRT to congruences: f*w=m+w1 (mod 3), s=m (mod 128) The unknown w1 coefs. are mostly 0. Result: Nearly have the lifted multiples: f * w and g * w Approximations have about 25 errors (out of 251)

8. Cryptanalysis of the Revised NTRU Signature Scheme/ 8 Finishing the Lifting Goal: Find f * w and g * w, error-free. Take short transcript of signatures: Observation: We know correct liftings (f * w i ) * (g * w j ) – (f * w j ) * (g * w i ) = 0 S i * T j – S j * T i Measures the errors Iterative Error-Correction: Choose the correction to (S i, T i ) that sends S i * T j – S j * T i closest to 0. 4 signatures, 25 seconds  we get unreduced signatures (S i, T j )

9. Cryptanalysis of the Revised NTRU Signature Scheme/ 9 We Could Stop Here By finding unreduced f * w and g * w, we’ve already broken revised NSS. Dim N lattice (instead of 2N) – exp. easier to reduce w is GCD

10. Cryptanalysis of the Revised NTRU Signature Scheme/10 Computing f * f rev Quickly We average sigs to obtain f * f rev approximately. S * S rev   f * f rev Converges Quickly! We use approximation in N/2 Dim CVP lattice. With < 10 sigs (to obtain approx), LLL gives us f * f rev exactly.

11. Cryptanalysis of the Revised NTRU Signature Scheme/ 11 A Polynomial-time Approach Textbook GCD approach appears to be exp. in N Our approach: Polynomial in N (after experimentally very fast steps) Preliminary step Fast step: Compute f * f rev. Poly step: Use f * f rev and f * w to compute f. Running times: Fast step: Less than 1 minute for sugg. parameters Poly step: Not implimented, but provably O(N 7 ).

12. Cryptanalysis of the Revised NTRU Signature Scheme/ 12 Get f from f * f rev and f * w in Polynomial-time We help LLL – it doesn’t always find shortest vector! Fact: f p-1  1 (mod p) for prime p  1 (mod N) Use LLL to get f p-1 * a. We know a (mod p), thus maybe a exactly. Compute f p-1. Not difficult to compute f from power of f. This algorithm is efficient because LLL does not have to find the shortest vector in the lattice.

13. Cryptanalysis of the Revised NTRU Signature Scheme/ 13 Other Attacks Polynomial attack shows can’t just increase key size Alternate attacks using Lattices might be more efficient. Compute the ratio g/f in Z[x]/(x N -1) mod Q. Bigger Q improves lattice constants. Can translate into traditional Knapsack Gram Matrix Attack: (find the circulant M_f) A known matrix M defines GCD (f). Let G= U*U_rev= UF M_(1/f*f_rev) F_rev U_rev. Factor G with “modular-Gram-LLL”

14. Cryptanalysis of the Revised NTRU Signature Scheme/ 14 Conclusion These attacks render revised NSS (with sugg. parameters) very weak. We have presented a 3-Stage Attack First 2 stages very fast, use about 10 sigs. Last stage polynomial in N. First stage is enough to dramatically reduce its security.