1. Unit 2 Exploration and Colonization
Lessons
Review
Maps
Maps
Graphic Organizer
Graphic Organizer
What happens when different cultures first meet?
Teacher Notes
The Big Idea: What happens when different cultures first meet?
Exploration and Colonization
Unit 2 Exploration and Colonization

2. Lessons Review Maps Maps
Graphic Organizer
Graphic Organizer
Lesson 1
The World Expands
Lesson 2
Spaniards Reach the Americas
Lesson 3
Spanish Exploration & Conquest
Lesson 4
Spain’s Overseas Empire
Click on a Lesson.
Lesson 5
Searching for the Northwest Passage
Lesson 6
The First French Colonies
Lessons
Lesson 7
The First English Colonies

3. The World Expands Vocabulary Reading Skill Lesson 1
profit
merchant
barter
navigation
How did Europeans learn about other cultures?
Reading Skill
Cause and Effect
Teacher Notes
Essential Question: How did Europeans learn about other cultures?

4. The World Expands The Middle Ages Write About It!
Who were the first Europeans to reach North America and why did they abandon the colony?
Vikings were the first to arrive and they may have left because of diseases and battles with native people.
Teacher Notes
Write About It!: How did the Crusades lead to trade between Europe and Asia?
The Crusades gave Europe greater contact with Asia. Crusaders brought back silks and spices. The demand for Asian goods increased trade between Europe and Asia.
The Crusades were wars for control of Jerusalem.
Marco Polo was one of the most famous merchants in Europe.
He lived in Asia for many years before returning to Europe.
He wrote about his travels in The Travels of Marco Polo and inspired many Europeans to look for new routes to Asia.
The Silk Road was a collection of roads that connected China, India, and the Mediterranean.
Through this trade route, Europeans learned about the printing press, gun powder, and the magnetic compass.
Write About It!
How did the Crusades lead to trade between Europe and Asia?

5. The World Expands
Why did Europeans look for new trade routes to Europe?
The journey to Europe was long and dangerous. A new route would save time and money.
What were the effects of trade with Africa?
The Muslim faith was introduced in new places.
Many Africans were enslaved.
Teacher Notes
Fighting among themselves, many African nations were weakened and Europeans began enslaving Africans.

6. The World Expands
What advances in the science of navigation and technology helped further exploration?
The development of maps
Development of a new ship, the caravel, with both square and triangle-shaped sails, which allowed the ship to change direction and catch the wind more easily.
Chinese compasses pointed north and allowed sailors to navigate south of the equator.
Globes
Astrolabe measures height of sun and stars above the earth.
Teacher Notes
Prince Henry from Portugal believed that ships could sail south along the western coast of Africa to reach Asia.
He wanted to find new sea routes to Africa to increase Portugal’s wealth.
He set up a school where experts worked on navigation.
Before these new developments, sailors rarely left sight of land.

7. Spaniards Reach the Americas
Lesson 2
Vocabulary
expedition
colony
Columbian Exchange
How did Spanish explorers bring change to the Americas?
Reading Skill
Cause and Effect
Teacher Notes
Essential Question: How did Spanish explorers bring change to the Americas?

8. Spaniards Reach the Americas
Christopher Columbus
Leader of an expedition to the Indies
Sailed west instead of east
Niña, Pinta, and Santa María
Reached present-day San Salvador
Sailed to America three times.
Greeted warmly by the Taínos
Gave them glass beads and brass bells
Teacher Notes
Columbus was looking for a sea route to Asia when he landed in the Central america. This began the Columbian Exchange of food, animals, and tools between the Americas and Europe.

9. Spaniards Reach the Americas
Christopher Columbus
Columbus called the Taíno “Indios” because he believed he had reached the Indies.
“Admiral of the Ocean Sea”
Spanish forced the Taíno to mine gold.
Many Taíno died in rebellions or from disease.
By 1500s, Taíno almost wiped out.
Teacher Notes
Opinions of Christopher Columbus have changed. At first he was “Admiral of the Ocean Sea,” hailed as a visionary sailor and heroic explorer. Recently, historians have considered his voyages from the perspective of Native Americans.

10. Spaniards Reach the Americas
Christopher Columbus
Many Europeans thought their technology and culture were superior.
Native American groups had developed governments, kinship systems, cities, and irrigation systems.
Columbus’s 1493 expedition landed on island of Hispaniola.
The Spanish set up a colony on the island.
Amerigo Vespucci was the first to believe that America was a new land.
America named for him
Teacher Notes
Taínos contributed the following English words:
keys (tropical islands)
hammock
hurricane
potato
savanna

11. Spaniards Reach the Americas
Columbian Exchange
Movement of people, animals, plants, and diseases
Write About It!
Teacher Notes
Europeans were introduced to new foods such as tomatoes and corn, which improved their diets.
They brought germs and disease such as smallpox and measles, which killed millions of native people.
Horses made hunting easier for Native Americans.
Cattle and pigs became new food sources for Native Americans.
Native Americans began to use wool to make clothing.
How did the Columbian Exchange change the lives of the Europeans and Native Americans?

12. Spanish Exploration and Conquest
Lesson 3
Vocabulary
empire
conquistador
How did the arrival of Spanish explorers change Native American empires?
Reading Skill
Cause and Effect
Teacher Notes
Essential Question: How did the arrival of Spanish explorers change Native American empires?

13. Spanish Exploration and Conquest
Complete the chart to show how Spain’s desire for gold destroyed the Aztec and Inca Empires.
Cause
Effect
Aztec fight Spanish; Moctezuma killed;
smallpox kills many Aztec
Cortés imprisons Moctezuma
smallpox spreads
weakens Inca Empire
Teacher Notes
Aztecs
Hernán Cortés brought more than 500 conquistadors, conquerors, when he landed in Mexico.
He scared many of the Aztec because they had never heard guns fired or seen horses.
Cortés and his men went to Tenochtitlán, where they captured Moctezuma II, the Aztec leader. Cortés then demanded gold for ransom.
Moctezuma was killed. The Spanish lost, but they left behind smallpox, which killed more than 100,000 Aztec.
Cortés and his men returned and destroyed Tenochtitlán. Mexico City now stands on its ruins.
Incas
Francisco Pizarro captured Atahualpa. The Inca Ruler offered him a huge room full of gold, but Pizarro took the gold and killed the ruler.
The Inca Empire was one of the wealthiest in the world.
It was successful because the empire was linked by highways.
Pizarro captures Atahualpa
Atahualpa killed;
Inca conquered
Write About It!
How did Spanish exploration change Central and South America?

14. Spain’s Overseas Empire
Lesson 4
Vocabulary
frontier
missionary
enslave
mestizo
How did Spain’s empire in North America expand?
Reading Skill
Cause and Effect
Teacher Notes
Essential Question: How did Spain’s empire in North America expand?

15. Spain’s Overseas Empire
Complete the chart to show the change that occurred after the Spanish explored North America.
Cause
Effect
More workers were needed to work on the encomiendas.
Enslaved Africans were brought to New Spain.
Those who escaped started maroon communities.
Yanga led a rebellion.
Teacher Notes
Many expeditions brought diseases that killed more Native Americans.
Spanish rulers gave encomiendas, large areas of land, to colonists who were loyal to them.
Land included the Native American villagers who lived there. They were forced to work for Spanish landowners.
Many Native Americans died from starvation, disease, or overwork.
Some missionaries spoke out against the cruel treatment.
The Spanish brought the first enslaved Africans to the Americas.
Write About It!
Describe New Spain’s society.

16. Searching for the Northwest Passage
Lesson 5
Vocabulary
Northwest Passage
merchant company
Reading Skill
How did the search for the Northwest Passage affect people?
Cause and Effect
Teacher Notes
Essential Question: How did the search for the Northwest Passage affect people?

17. Searching for the Northwest Passage
What was the importance of the Northwest Passage?
It was believed to be a shortcut to Asia that would allow Europeans to make the trip less costly and much faster.
What was a merchant company? Why was it important?
It was a group of businessmen who shared the costs of exploratory voyages. It was important because rulers financed previous voyages.
Teacher Notes
The Northwest Passage was a water route which many Europeans believed connected the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.
A merchant company was a group of businesspeople who shared the costs of a trading voyage.
Point out to students that com- means “together.” In this case, traders do business together.
Unlike the Spanish and the French, the Dutch were more interested in trading with Native Americans than in converting them to Christianity.

18. The First French Colonies
Lesson 6
Vocabulary
ally
coureurs de bois
import
export
voyageur
What happened when the French settled in America?
Reading Skill
Cause and Effect
Teacher Notes
Essential Question: What happened when the French settled in America?

19. The First French Colonies
Why did the French want to settle in America?
They wanted to expand their fur trade and make money for France.
Teacher Notes
Samuel de Champlain was the first governor of New France.
He established friendly relations with several Native American groups. They became allies.
Native Americans exchanged furs for goods such as guns, knives, and blankets.
Native Americans taught fur traders how to hunt, make canoes from birch bark, and use snowshoes.
Write About It!
Why did the French, Wyandot, and Algonquin become allies?

20. The First English Colonies
Lesson 7
Vocabulary
charter
cash crop
indentured servant
House of Burgesses
Pilgrim
sachem
What challenges did early English settlers face in North America?
Reading Skill
Teacher Notes
Essential Question: What challenges did early English settlers face in North America?
Cause and Effect

21. The First English Colonies
Why were the Roanoke settlements failures?
The colonists lacked the supplies and skills to survive.
Why did Jamestown succeed?
John Smith’s leadership forced the colonists to work. The soil and climate were ideal for growing tobacco, which allowed the colonists to make a profit.
Teacher Notes
Colonists needed more land to grow tobacco so they took land belonging to the Powhatan.
Powhatan’s forces lost because the colonists had guns.
The marriage of John Rolfe and Pocahontas, the daughter of a Powhatan chief, brought peace for several years.
Indentured servants were needed to work the land.
They were people whose travel expenses were paid by the merchant company so they would work in the tobacco fields for 5–7 years.
They received land and supplies to start farms at the end of their service.
The House of Burgess made laws for the colony.
It followed political traditions in England.
Only white men who owned land could vote.

22. The First English Colonies
Complete the chart to to show how the Pilgrims settled in Plymouth.
Cause
Effect
no religious freedom in England
Pilgrims plan to settle in Virginia colony.
Ship lands on Cape Cod.
Pilgrims form government.
Pilgrims are unprepared.
almost half die
Native Americans teach Pilgrims how to grow and hunt food.
Teacher Notes
Cause: no religious freedom in England
Effect: Pilgrims plan to settle in Virginia colony.
Cause: Ship lands on Cape Cod.
Effect: Pilgrims form government.
Cause: Pilgrims are unprepared.
Effect: almost half die
Cause: Native Americans teach Pilgrims how to grow and hunt food.
Effect: The colony survives.
Cause: Pilgrims and Wampanoag celebrate.
Effect: Thanksgiving tradition begins.
The colony survives.
Pilgrims and Wampanoag celebrate.
Thanksgiving tradition begins.

23. The First English Colonies
What was the importance of the Mayflower Compact?
It was a plan for self-government. It expressed the idea that the power of a government comes from its people. This idea became a part of America’s founding documents.
Write About It!
Teacher Notes
The Pilgrims wanted religious freedom so they left England.
They settled in America near winter and some of the Pilgrims had never farmed.
They were supposed to land in Virginia, but landed in Plymouth, MA.
William Bradford drafted an agreement to set up an emergency government.
A compact is a signed written agreement.
Write About It!
The Pilgrims celebrated their first harvest with three days of feasting and they were joined by the Native Americans.
This event is commemorated at Thanksgiving. The Native Americans showed the Pilgrims how to grow maize and trap animals for food.
How did the Pilgrims’ lives change after they met the Native Americans?

24. Review What was the importance of the Crusades to Europe?
The Crusades gave Europeans greater contact with Asia and this developed a demand for Asian goods. These demands led to the search for shorter and faster trade routes to Asia.
What was the importance of the Columbian Exchange?
The Columbian Exchange changed the lives of people on both sides of the Atlantic. It improved the diets of both the Europeans and Native Americans. Horses changed the way the Native Americans hunted. Cattle, pigs, and sheep became a new food and clothing source. New diseases, however, killed many of the native peoples.
Answers
The Crusades gave Europeans greater contact with Asia and this developed a demand for Asian goods. These demands led to the search for shorter and faster trade routes to Asia.
The Columbian Exchange changed the lives of people on both sides of the Atlantic. It improved the diets of both the Europeans and Native Americans. Horses changed the way the Native Americans hunted. Cattle, pigs, and sheep became a new food and clothing source. New diseases, however, killed many of the native peoples.

25. Review Name the European explorer associated with each area. Mexico
West coast of South America
Florida
Southeastern U.S.
Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona
Southwestern U.S.; first European to see the Grand Canyon
Newfoundland
Hudson River
Hudson, Chesapeake, and Delaware Bays
St. Lawrence River
Lakes Huron, Ontario, Erie and Superior
Lake Michigan
Hernan Cortés
Francisco Pizarro
Juan Ponce de León
Hernando de Soto
Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
Francisco Vásquez de Coronado
John Cabot
Giovanni da Verrazano
Henry Hudson
Answers
Hernan Cortés
Francisco Pizarro
Juan Ponce de León
Hernando de Soto
Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
Francisco Vásquez de Coronado
John Cabot
Giovanni da Verrazano
Henry Hudson
Jacques Cartier
Étienne Brûlé
Jean Nicolet
Jacques Cartier
Étienne Brûlé
Jean Nicolet 25

26. Review What was the importance of the Northwest Passage?
The Northwest Passage was believed to be a shortcut to Asia that would allow Europeans to make the trip less costly and much faster.
What was the importance of the Mayflower Compact?
The Mayflower Compact was a plan for self-government. It expressed the idea that the power of a government comes from its people. This idea became part of America’s founding documents.
Answers
The Northwest Passage was believed to be a shortcut to Asia that would allow Europeans to make the trip less costly and much faster.
The Mayflower Compact was a plan for self-government. It expressed the idea that the power of a government comes from its people. This idea became part of America’s founding documents. 26

27. Maps Click on a map to enlarge the view.

28. Graphic Organizer Cause and Effect
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