1. Thick Disk Formation Chris Brook, Hugo Martel, Vincent Veilleux Université Laval Brad Gibson Swinburne University, Melbourne, Australia Daisuke Kawata Carnegie Observatory

2. Introduction -review our knowledge of thick disks -show that our simulated gals have thin disk, thick disk, & stellar halo components -thick disk formation in our simulated galaxies -merger history of Milky Way sized gals -properties of our simulated thick disks -relationship to halo formation -subsequent thin disk growth

3. Milky Way Thick Disk Gilmore & Reid (`83)- star counts scale height~ 0.6-1 kpc (e.g. Phelps et al `99) ~5% of the mass of the thin disk lags thin disk by ~ 40 km/s dynamically hot old ~10 Gyrs (e.g. Gilmore & Wyse `95) -1<[Fe/H]<-0.2 (peak~-0.6) no vertical metallicity gradient distinct chemical abundance patterns Thick disk info

4. thin disk thick disk halo stars □ dwarf spheroidal stars Shetrone et al 2001, 2003 Geisler et al 2004 Venn et al. 2004

5. Bensby et al `03 thick disk stars thin disk stars Bensby abundance

6. Milky Way Thick Disk Gilmore & Reid (`83)- star counts large scale height~ 0.6-1 kpc (e.g. Phelps et al `99) ~5% of the mass of the thin disk lags thin disk by~40 km/s dynamically hot old stars ~10 Gyrs (e.g. Gilmore & Wyse `95) -1<[Fe/H]<-0.2 (peak~-0.6) no vertical metallicity gradient distinct chemical abundance patterns Kinematics, metal abundances and ages support the hypothesis it is a distinct component Thick disk info2

7. Extra-Galactic Thick Disks photometric observations (Dalcanton & Bernstein `02) thick disks common in disk galaxies thick disk stars relatively old and metal rich resolved stellar populations (Mould `05; Davidge `05; Tikhonov `05; Seth, Dalcanton & de Jong `05) more evidence that thick disks are common thick disk stars old, relatively metal rich lack of vertical colour gradient counter-rotating thick disk? (Yoachim & Dalcanton `05) Exgal th disks

8. GCD+: Details of the Code parallel chemo-dynamical galaxy evolution code tree N-body -DM & stars SPH -gas radiative cooling -metallicity (Sutherland & Dopita) SFR ~ ρ 1.5 supernovae feedback Ia (Kobayashi et al. 2000) & II metal enrichment: H, He, C, N, O, Ne, Mg, Si, Fe SNII (Woosley & Weaver 1994) Intermediate (van den Hoek & Groenewgen 1997) SNIa (Iwamoto 1999) Code details

9. simulation

10. Simulation Results Sim final

11. Edvardsson 1993 +, x: simulations Thick Disk? Nordstrom `04 Velocity dispersion

12. SFR Star formation rate

13. Toomre metals1 Solar neighbourhood: 6 < R XY < 10 kpc |Z|< 1 kpc [Fe/H]~-0.2 [Fe/H]~-0.6 [Fe/H]~-1.

14. Velocities

15. Abrupt increase in velocity dispersion, as well as period of rapid star formation, coincide with period of chaotic merging of gas rich building blocks, during which a central galaxy forms. Gal 2 ev

16. Abrupt increase in velocity dispersion, as well as period of rapid star formation, coincide with period of chaotic merging of gas rich building blocks, during which a central galaxy forms. Gal 2 ev

17. Abrupt increase in velocity dispersion, as well as period of rapid star formation, coincide with period of chaotic merging of gas rich building blocks, during which a central galaxy forms. Gal 2 ev

18. Abrupt increase in velocity dispersion, as well as period of rapid star formation, coincide with period of chaotic merging of gas rich building blocks, during which a central galaxy forms. Gal 2 ev

19. 168 N-body “Milky Way like” dark matter halos. Traced the merger histories.

20. Number of merging building blocks vs lookback time. >10 10 M sun. Contribute >4% mass of the halo (Quinn et al 1993) Be merged by the next timestep See also Zunter & Bullock `03

22. Observations: x z=0: Schwarzkopf & Dettmarr (`00) o z~1: Reshetnikov, Dettmar & Combes (`03) Simulations:  z~1 □ z~0.5  z=0 Brook, Kawata, Martel Gibson, Bailin, submitted to ApJ

23. #1 T. Nykytyuk Enhance star formation and infall of pre-enriched gas satisfy nicely the criteria set by Kim Venn. Halo: Robertson et al. `05

24. radius + thick X thin Scale length: Thin 4.1 kpc Thick 2.6 kpc Scale height: Thin~ 0.5 kpc Thick~ 1.2 kpc Scalelengths/heights

25. Formation scenarios Gilmore et al. (1989): 1)a slow, pressure supported collapse (Larson 1976); 2) Enhanced kinematic diffusion of the thin disk stellar orbits (Norris 1987); 3)a rapid dissipational violent dynamical heating of the early thin disk (Quinn et al. 1993, Jones & Wyse 1983); 4)direct accretion of thick disk material (Statler 1988) 5)collapse triggered by high metallicity (Wyse & Gilmore 1988). -information of the metallicity, ages, and chemical abundances of thick disk stars can be compared to the predictions that the various scenarios make.

26. scenario 2 well supported by Galactic observations (Quillen & Garret 2001; Wyse 2000; Gilmore et al. 2002; Freeman & Bland-Hawthorn 2002; Feltzing et al. 2003). scenario 3 also has contemporary support from observations and simulations (Abadi et al. `03, Helmi et al. `05, Yoachim & Dalcanton `05, but see poster #60 Brooks & Governato, metallicity?) Thick disk formation during the high redshift epoch of multiple mergers of gas rich building blocks is consistent with observations of the Milky Way and extra-galactic thick disks.

27. Thick disk and thin disk material are spatially well separated at high redshift Support hierarchical models Decoupled cores, counter-rotating disks Two accretion events

28. Toomre metals2

29. Velocities

32. cbrook@phy.ulaval.ca http://www.astro.phy.ulaval.ca/CHRIS/chris.html Conclusions Thick Disk: chemical abundance evidence suggest seperate formation from thin disk (although ongoing research req’d) Early heating of thin disk most accepted model (e.g. Freeman & Bland-Hawthorn 2000) Recent observations suggest that old, metal rich thick disks are prevalent (perhaps even ubiquitous) in disk galaxies. Our work suggests thick disk formed through chaotic merging of gas rich “building blocks” at high redshift.

36. Disk -overcooling -angular momentum -disk size -feedback from AGN, supernovae, solar winds… -multi-phase gas -different recipes: thermal, kinematic, adiabatic feedback, subgrid physics -resolution issues persist -regulate star formation in earliest forming halos

37. SFRs

39. Reddy et al 2003