1. Nationaal Lucht- en Ruimtevaartlaboratorium – National Aerospace Laboratory NLR Embedded Training How can it improve our pilots’ competencies? Jan Joris Roessingh, Ph.D. Edzard Boland, M.Sc. Human Effectiveness department National Aerospace Laboratory NLR Amsterdam, the Netherlands

2. 2 Main Messages To make ET a success, a two-pronged perspective is required: ‘Training Needs’ perspective ‘Systems Engineering’ perspective With ET, the improved efficiency of new training development approaches can be capitalised.

3. 3 Overview 1. Defining Embedded Training 2. Training perspective 3. End User requirements and Systems Engineering perspective 4. Conclusions and challenges ahead

4. Defining Embedded Training

5. Weapon Platform 5 Embedded Training: Any training capability built into or added onto operational systems Embedded Training System Embedded Simulation

6. Embedded Training -- compared with -- Live-Virtual-Constructive (LVC) training ET = uncomplicated version of LVC without the virtual (V-) elements: –no ground-based man-in-the-loop simulations ET contains LC Live (L) elements –actual aircraft Constructive (C) elements –Software models, computer generated: Forces Battlefield conditions No complex LVC organisation necessary ET = less personnel, assets and costs.

7. 7 ET Benefits ET provides realistic training ‘any time anywhere’ ET system is fielded and maintained concurrent with the operational equipment reduced need for: instrumented training ranges ‘live’ assets, replaces ‘red air’ other training equipment reduces: environmental impact (noise, emissions) wear and tear on operational systems training management

8. But... Disadvantages Costs to install and maintain Consumes space and weight in operational system Overall effect: “ Looking at calendar years 2015 through 2017, the projected cost avoidance is $411.5M” (Lockheed-Martin project cost savings of F-35 Embedded Training in the US, 2010)

9. Training Perspective

10. ET & Competency Based Training - Competencies 10 Attitudes Skills Knowledge Competency Competency Based Training requires a way to assess and quantify competencies

11. 11 Apply ROE matrix Select/ Execute flow plan Assess battle damage (target & ownship) Execute defensive reaction plan Execute attack plan Identify target (with FAC-er) Localize threats Fulfil drop/target / CD criteria Maneuvring Deploy self protection means Execute cont. plans ‘what ifs’ Prioritize Employ weapon Execute CAS procedures Operate F-16 as RNLAF Wingman Debriefing Debrief technical / support issues Execute ops desk debrief Execute flight debrief Fault analysis Project yourself in technician Apply ROE matrix Weapon system handling Check targeting criteria Fulfil sorting responsibility Select game plan Assess threat Assess own status Execute game plan Assessment on the merge (VID) Energy management Deploy self protection means Weapon employment Monitoring systems, target, abort criteria Maneuvring (TCE, LVC) Apply ROE matrix Information handling Monitoring (fuel, systems) Sensor handling & interpretation Information gathering Maintain SA Monitoring own status Predict own status Communication (Ground / Air) Multi-tasking Open minded & decisive Social skills Obtain goal with minimum risk (Airmanship) Apply knowledge “to the situation” Prioritize Stress & fear management Recognize position Supporting competencies Mission planning Time management Usage of planning tools Stick & rudder skills Execute EPs AAR Anticipate Time management Cooperate Scan pattern Stay visual on FL Flying Scan pattern Instrument flying Formation flying Perform Checks Cockpit organising Legend: Supporting competency Enabling competency Essential competency Main competency Knowledge Attitude Exec. flow plan flow plan Maneuvring Fulfil targeting responsibility From: van der Pal, Rivecourt & Boland, 2009

12. 12 Competency Based Training Projected Missions & Hours Syllabus Training MissionsSim Live Hours *GeneralAAAGIncl. Night IQT/MQT 9432 141 15542816 WM F-16 5219+ 78 725**20**7 ** Note. Whole-Task-Approach implies AA aspects in a AG-focused block vice versa * 1 mission ~ 1.5 hrs Don’t worry. I was trained by the Air Force! Potential savings, however whole task training requires: More blue air support More red air support

13. ET & Competency Based Training Projected Results Required performance Nominal learning curve Early mental model Improved retention Prevention of integration dips Less variability between trainees Time  Performance  “Integration dip” Actual learning curve

14. End User requirements and Systems Engineering perspective

15. The Ideal Training System (End User perspective, Verhaaf & Roessingh, ITEC, 2011) Day-to-Day and last minute availability Mission rehearsal potential Range independent Realistic scenarios Real-time data sharing Live scenario management and didactic interventions Realistic training of the full and/or partial mission cycle Personal Training Jacket –Operational user perspective: 1. Adequate human interaction 2. Manageable for training

16. Adequate Human Interaction Realism of the training environment Training environment in support of teamwork User friendly Safe

17. Manageable for Training Training scenarios Instruction and feedback Performance evaluation Management of training sessions

18. Conclusions and challenges ahead

19. Conclusion Successful implementation on F-16MLU demo showed validity of the concept Implementation of ET on F-35 JSF in progress (basic training capability) Now time to: 1. address Training Needs 2. capitalise the improved efficiency of Competency Based Training

20. Main challenges for ET two-pronged perspective is required: ‘Training Needs’ ‘Systems Engineering’ Danger: segmented organisation ‘training needs’ and ‘weapon systems issues’ are dealt with separately R&D challenges Intelligent CGFs Visualisation of targets ES in a sensor-fused platform (conformal) instruction/ tutoring

21. 21 Questions?

22. 22 Competency Based Training - Principles Whole-Task Training Use systems & training conditions as in operation Simple to complex Start with heavy student support Part-task where needed Safety Reduce cognitive load (automate simple tasks) Mix theory & practice Just in time Maintain Mental Load Easy to complex