1. Global Patterns of Species Richness Global Amphibian Diversity

3. Wallace’s hypotheses for higher species diversity in the tropics: 1.Productivity 2.Spatial heterogeneity; morphological diversity 3.High average rarity – no monocultures 4.Climatic constancy – little seasonal variation 5.Geological age 6.Special adaptations required for “harsh” environments 7.Greater competitive “balance” in tropics 8.Alternating competitive advantages 9.All niches filled – saturation of community

5. Early Island Biogeography

6. Island Habitats in Baltic Sea

7. Reptile and Amphibian Species Area Curve for Caribbean Islands

8. Habitat Islands In the Great Basin Top – Birds, Bottom - Mammals

9. Species Richness related to Island Size and Island Isolation

10. Species-Area Curves for Islands S = cA z where: S = number of species A = area of island c = constant for habitat type - forest, desert, grassland z = slope of the curve - predicted to be 0.263, but actually varies with dispersal ability

11. Ant species On New Guinea and Nearby Islands An area of island will have fewer species than equal sized area of continent

12. The slope of the line plotted for species-area curve is larger for species with poor dispersal abilities Oceanic islands birds - New Guinea islands z=0.22 beetles - West Indiesz=0.34 land plants - Channel islandsz=0.37 Habitat islands birds - Andes paramoz=0.29 birds - mtns of Great Basinz=0.165 mammals - mtns of Great Basin z=0.326 inverts -caves in West Virginia z=0.72

13. Island Biogeography

14. Species Dispersal to Islands

15. Cape May Warbler on a Ship

17. Krakatoa pre-eruption Looking at Volcano Rakata

18. Krakatoa mid-eruption

19. Map of Krakatoa pre-eruption

20. Landsat Image of Anak Krakatau and Krakatau

22. Dan Simberloff and Mangrove Islands

23. Simberloff’s defaunation experiment on Mangroves

25. Results from Simberloff’s Experiment Islands recovered to pre-defaunation number of species, but only 30% of original species resident on each island returned after defaunation.

26. Bracken Fern

27. Bracken fern stand Australia

28. Number of species found on Bracken Fern

31. Professor Axel Meyer – Cichlid Man

32. Lake Malawi Cichlids Adaptive radiation within cichlid lineages