1. NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON “ A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FOR CLEANER TOMORROW”

2. Bio-diesel As a Prospective Diesel Fuel: Research & Development Pursuits in IIT,Delhi

3. “ The earth was not given to us by our parents, it has been loaned to us by our children ” - Kenyan Proverb Same feeling exists in all societies We should handover a safer earth to future generation IIT Delhi

4. RELEVANCE OF DIESEL FUEL IN INDIAN CONTEXT  Public Transportation System  Mechanized Agricultural sector (irrigation, pumping etc)  Several Decentralized energy units IIT Delhi Diesel consumption- about seven times more than that of Petrol

5. ENGINES AND UNCONVENTIONAL FUELS LAB, IIT DELHI  Hydrogen  Compressed Natural Gas(CNG)  Bio-Diesel  Hydrogen Added Natural Gas  Ethanol  Methanol  Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)  Biogas  Producer Gas IIT Delhi

6. USE OF VEGETABLE OILS - NOT A RADICALLY NEW CONCEPT “The use of vegetable oils for engine fuels may seem insignificant today, but such oils may become in course of time as important as petroleum and the coal tar products of the present time” - Rudolf Diesel (1912), Inventor of Diesel engine Address to the Engineering Society of St Louis, Missouri in 1912 IIT Delhi

7. BIO-DIESEL ABROAD  Saffola  Sunflower  Soya-bean  Peanut  Canola  Rapeseed A host of others are being used which are essentially edible in Indian context IIT Delhi

8. BIODIESEL ABROAD France,Italy, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Brazil, Argentina, Sweden, USA, Canada and many other countries Malaysia - largest Biodiesel production unit with annual capacity of 500, 000 tonnes / year using palm oil IIT Delhi

9. BIODIESEL IN INDIAN CONTEXT CONTD…  Renewable, can be produced domestically from lots of non-edible/wild crops grown on waste or degraded land.Hence sustained availability of raw materials-Energy security  Can be used in existing diesel engines without major hardware modifications  Low-cost and not-a-very-high-tech route. can be readily implemented even in rural sector. IIT Delhi

10. BIODIESEL IN INDIAN CONTEXT  Clean-burning, safe to handle, transport and store. Non-toxic, biodegradable and free of sulphur and carcinogenic benzene  Absence of sulphur and aromatics in biodiesel is very positive to the lifetime of the catalyst used in automobile exhaust system IIT Delhi

11. APPLICATION AREAS OF INDIGENOUSLY DEVELOPED BIO- DIESEL  Diesel gensets  Irrigation pumps  Small scale/Home industries  Tractors(self-sufficiency for the farmer)  Transportation (Public & Private sectors) IIT Delhi

12. VISCOSITY- THE MAJOR STUMBLING BLOCK  Vegetable oils have larger molecules: upto four times larger than typical diesel molecules  High viscosity of vegetable oils: upto 12 times that of diesel fuel--- interferes with the injection process and leads to poor fuel atomization  Inefficient mixing with air contributes to incomplete combustion which leads to more deposit formation, carbonization of injector tips IIT Delhi

13. VEGETABLE OILS TESTED IN IIT, DELHI FOR ENGINE APPLICATION Neat plant oils  Azadirachta indica (Neem)  Madhuca indica (Mahua)  Pongamia pinnata (Karanja)  Jatropha Curcas  Kusum  Palm  Rice Bran Oil  Linseed IIT Delhi

14. PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED WITH NEAT VEGETABLE OIL IN IIT DELHI LAB STUDIES  Clogging of Fuel Lines  Carbonization of injector tips  Deposit on Cylinder Walls  Poor Ignition and combustion due to improper atomization  Lube oil Contamination IIT Delhi

15. CARBON DEPOSIT ON INJECTOR TIP USING NEAT VEGETABLE OIL (WITHOUT TRANSESTERIFICATION) IIT Delhi

16. FUEL FORMULATION TECHNIQUES ADOPTEDTO OVERCOME PROBLEMS  Blending  Emulsification  Esterification Transesterification was eventually successful in bringing about the viscosity close to conventional diesel. IIT Delhi

17. FORMULATION OF BIO-DIESEL TRANSNSESTERIFICATION Transesterification is the process of using an alcohol (e.g., methanol or ethanol) in the presence of a catalyst, such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, to chemically break the molecule of the raw renewable oil into methyl or ethyl esters of the renewable oil with glycerol as a by- product. IIT Delhi

18. TRANSESTERIFICATION (IN LAB) IIT Delhi Karanja Oil Alcohol (Methanol/Ethanol) Biodiesel (unrefined) Glycerine (unrefined) KOH (Catalyst) Byproduct : separated from biodiesel by settling Alcohol free Biodiesel (with moisture) Washing with water Neat Biodiesel (B100) Moisture removal by Anhydrous Sodium Sulphate or by heating Neat or blended with diesel CI Engine Waste water Removal of excess alcohol by vacuum distillation

19. TRANSESTERIFICATION The glycerine can be used to make soap (or any other product) and the methyl ester is washed and filtered. The resulting biodiesel fuel when used directly in a Diesel engine burns much cleaner than petroleum–based Diesel fuel. IIT Delhi

20. PRODUCTION PROCESS TRANSESTERIFICATION IIT Delhi Process Input Levels = Process Output Levels Nothing Is Wasted Source: NBB

21. VALUE ADDED BY-PRODUCT (GLYCERINE) The glycerin can be used to make soap (or any other product) and the methyl ester is washed and filtered The resulting biodiesel fuel when used directly in a Diesel engine burns much cleaner than petroleum–based Diesel fuel IIT Delhi

22. BIODIESEL DEVELOPED IN IIT, DELHI Biodiesel Developed After Transesterification  Madhuca indica (Mahua) Mahua Oil Methy Ester (MOME)  Pongamia pinnata (Karanja) Karanja Oil Methy Ester (KOME)  Linseed Linseed Oil Methy Ester (LOME) IIT Delhi

23. VARIOUS ASPECTS OF INVESTIGATION IN IITD ON DIESEL ENGINES  Studies on neat vegetable oils  Development of biodiesel in lab  Performance characteristics  Exhaust emission characteristics  Combustion studies  Endurance tests  Tribological studies IIT Delhi

24. ENGINE TESTS DONE IN IIT, DELHI (5% TO 100%) OF BIODIESEL Performance Tests  Fuel Consumption  Brake Mean Effective Pressure  Thermal Efficiency  Brake Specific Energy Consumption IIT Delhi

25. KARANJA FRUITS ON THE TREE (IIT DELHI CAMPUS) Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) belongs to the family Leguminaceae. It is a hardy tree borne oilseed. Grows under a wide range of agroclimatic conditions. IIT Delhi

26. TRANSESTERIFICATION IN LAB, IIT DELHI (1 LITRE/BATCH UNIT) Methanol/oil molar ratio: 12:1 Volume ratio: 1:2 Catalyst: 1% KOH (w/v) Temperature: 60 o C Reaction time: 3 hrs IIT Delhi

27. 6 LITRES / BATCH CAPACITY Transesterification Unit with Alcohol Recovery Unit IIT Delhi

28. GLYCEROL SEPARATION & WASHING BIODIESEL WITH WATER IIT Delhi

29. 6 LITRES/BATCH CAPACITY  The excess methanol was removed by vacuum distillation  The product was allowed to stand for 24 hrs  Upper (biodiesel) layer was separated from lower (glycerine) layer  Biodiesel was washed with water  Heated to 70 o C for 15 min to remove moisture IIT Delhi  The yield of Karanja oil methyl ester was > 90% (v/v)

30. VISCOSITY EFFECT IN DIFFERENT SAMPLES IIT Delhi

31. BIODIESEL-SETUP

32. LUBRICITY  Our studies agree with many International Researchers that biodiesel have excellent lubricity  Even 1% of biodiesel blend can provide adequate lubricity as compared to petro- diesel. IIT Delhi

33. BLEND LEVEL  Biodiesel mixes with petro-diesel in any blend level thus making it a very flexible additive  Our lab studies in IITD shows that a blend of 20% biodiesel with 80% diesel is best for optimum performance and minimum emission characteristics IIT Delhi

34. SOME IMPORTANT TEST RESULTS Contd…  Totally miscible with diesel in any proportion.  B100 has been suggested in some parts of USA  Biodiesel viscosity comes very close to diesel  Flash point gets lowered after esterification  Cetane number gets improved  Even lower concentrations of biodiesel act as cetane number improver for diesel fuel IIT Delhi

35. SOME IMPORTANT TEST RESULTS  Thermal efficiency gets improved  NOx level is slightly (2-4%) higher in some cases. NOx level lowered by retarding the injection timing  Exhaust gas is free from SO2, Lead  Biodiesel offers lower exhaust emissions of CO, HC and particulates) than diesel fuel  Smoke opacity gets lowered IIT Delhi

36. PERFORMANCE STUIDES IIT Delhi

37. PEAK THERMAL EFFICIENCY VS BLEND LEVEL IIT Delhi 20% biodiesel: optimum concentration for biodiesel blend with improved performance

38. THERMAL EFFICIENCY Vs BMEP IIT Delhi

39. EMISSION STUDIES

40. SMOKE OPACITY Vs BMEP IIT Delhi

41. NOx Vs BMEP IIT Delhi

42. BENZENE IN LUBE OIL IIT Delhi

43. LONG TERM ENDURANCE TESTS (512 HRS) IIT Delhi  Dimensions of critical parts measured before and after the tests shows that carbon deposits on the piston head of the biodiesel operated system are substantially lesser in comparison to diesel operated one.  The carbonization of biodiesel injector tip was lesser in comparison to diesel injector after 200 hrs of operation.  Problems of carbon deposits and coking of injector tip have completely disappeared after the esterification of vegetable oils.

44. CONCLUSIONS  Diesel engine can perform satisfactory for long run on biodiesel without any major system hardware modifications  Transesterification - an effective process  Flash point, density, pour point, cetane number, calorific value of the biodiesel comes in very close range to that of Petro diesel  Diesel engine can perform satisfactorily for prolonged operation on biodiesel without any major hardware modifications IIT Delhi

45. Thank you Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi