1. MATHEMATICS Algebraic Manipulation – Multiplying and Dividing Terms

2. Aims of the Lesson To review algebraic terminology and algebraic conventions. To look at how we can simplify expressions that involve multiplication. To look at how we can simplify expressions that involve division.

3. Algebraic Terminology An expression is a calculation involving letters. An equation is an algebraic calculation with an equal sign within it. The terms of an expression are separated by add or subtract signs. A co-efficient is the value in front of a letter or group of letters.

4. Algebraic Terminology - Examples Here is an expression:3ab + 6p – 7 Here is an equation:3ab + 6p – 7 = 4p + 25 The terms in the top expression are: 3ab, +6p and – 7 The co-efficient of ab is 3 The co-efficient of b is 3a The co-efficient of p is 6 (or +6)

5. Algebraic Conventions In algebra we use letters to replace some or all of the values in a calculation If there is only 1 of a letter we don’t write the 1 E.g.5p – 4p = p (we don’t write 1p) As with numbers that multiply themselves repeatedly, we use powers with letters that multiply themselves repeatedly. E.g.6 × 6 × 6 = 6³ and p × p × p × p = p 4

6. We do not write the × symbol between things we wish to multiply as it may get confused with the letter x! Therefore, 3a means 3 times a and pq means p times q! In algebra given mixed terms in a multiplication, we always write numbers in front of letters, which are written in alphabetical order E.g.n × 2 × k is written as 2kn (not n2k)

7. Algebraic Multiplication When multiplying think signs, numbers, letters… Remember: pairs of the same sign = +ve answer pairs of different signs = -ve answer Example…5cd × –7 × 3ad = SIGNS: 5c is +ve but we have -7 which is –ve. Together these give a –ve answer which then goes together with 3cd which is +ve Together, and therefore overall, we have a –ve answer! NUMBERS: 5 × 7 = 35 then this × 3 = 105 LETTERS: Dropping all the × signs we get cdad In alphabetical order = acdd In index form we finally get acd ² – 105acd²

8. Algebraic Conventions (continued) When dealing with division, we sometimes represent division as a long division or / (ie the line in a fraction) instead of this ÷ sign. In algebra we also use the fractional version to represent divide Therefore… a / b means a divided by b 2 / n+1 means 2 divided by (n+1)!

9. Algebraic Division To simplify/cancel fractions down remember to… Find the largest number that both the top and bottom values can be divided by. Write out any indexed letters in repeated form and cross out any letter that appears in the top and the bottom. Example… 35p²qr ÷ 60pr = 35ppqr 60pr 7. 12 = NUMBERS: 35 and 60 can BOTH be divided by 5 to become 7 (on top) and 12 (on bottom) LETTERS: There is one p on BOTH the top and bottom which can be crossed out There is also one r on BOTH the top and bottom which can be crossed out pq FORMAT: Write out as a fraction, writing ‘powered’ letters out in full (i.e. as repeats)

10. Practice 1)Write these as simply as possible: 3 × r 4 × t × 2 b × c × b 2)Write these as simply as possible: p ÷ m 8 ÷ 2r 12a² ÷ 18ax

11. Answers 3 × r= 4 × t × 2 = b × c × b = p ÷ m = 8 ÷ 2r = 12a ² ÷ 18ax= Don’t write ‘×’ sign Numbers before letters Multiply the numbers together Ignore any other ‘×’ sign Numbers before letters Don’t write ‘×’ sign Write letters in alphabetical order Repeated letters are written in index form Replace the ‘÷’ sign with the line in a fraction If possible, cancel down the numbers in the fraction (here: 8 ÷ 2 = 4) Replace the ‘÷’ sign with the line in a fraction Cancel down any numbers (i.e. divide by 6) Cancel down any repeated letters (i.e. a) 3r 8t b²c pmpm 4r4r 2a 3x bbc =

12. Further Practice (including brackets) Write these as simply as possible: 4 × y × 87 × (t + 2)3 × t × t × s 32y Write these as simply as possible: p ÷ (m – 1)(g + 3) ÷ r6 ÷ 7 – x p m – 1 Click to find out the answers… – x 7(t + 2) 3stt  3st² 6767 g + 3 r

13. What next? Make appropriate notes ( including examples ) on simplifying terms being multiplied or divided or printout the prepared notes and complete all the tasks within them. Work through the MyMaths lesson (and then its online homework) called: Algebra > Algebraic Manipulation > Simplifying 2 Save and complete the worksheet: Simplify-S1.xlsx