1. COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
Dr. Jamba Gyeltshen
7/9/07

2. Optical microscopes are the oldest and simplest of the microscopes.
A 1879 Carl Zeiss Jena Optical microscope

5. Compound Microscope
Microscope is the combination of two words; "micro" meaning small and "scope" meaning view.
Early microscopes, like Leeuwenhoek's, were called simple because they only had one lens. Compound deals with the microscope having more than one lens. Simple scopes work like magnifying glasses
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6. Compound Microscope
Historians credit the invention of the compound microscope to the Dutch spectacle maker, Zacharias Janssen, around the year 1590.  
The compound microscope uses lenses and light to enlarge the image and is also called an optical or light microscope (vs./ an electron microscope). 
The simplest optical microscope ( the magnifying glass) has (10X) magnification. 
The compound microscope has two systems of lenses for greater magnification, 1) the ocular, or eyepiece lens that one looks into and 2) the objective lens, or the lens closest to the object. 
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7. How it works: Diagram Showing Light Traveling Through The Microscope

9. Parts and their function
Eyepiece
Objectives
Fine Adjustment Knob
Power Switch
Stage
Diaphragm
Base
Body Tube
Nosepiece
Stage Clips
Stage Stop
Coarse Adjustment Knob
Aperture
Arm
Light Source

10. Parts and their function
Eyepiece Lens:  the lens at the top that you look through.  They are usually 10X or 15X power. 
Tube:  Connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses
Arm:  Supports the tube and connects it to the base
Base:  The bottom of the microscope, used for support
Illuminator:  A steady light source used in place of a mirror.  If your microscope has a mirror, it is used to reflect light from an external light source up through the bottom of the stage.

11. Parts and their function
Stage:  The flat platform where you place your slides.  Stage clips hold the slides in place.  If your microscope has a mechanical stage, you will be able to move the slide around by turning two knobs.  One moves it left and right, the other moves it up and down.
Revolving Nosepiece or Turret:  This is the part that holds two or more objective lenses and can be rotated to easily change power.

12. Parts and their function
Objective Lenses:  Usually you will find 3 or 4 objective lenses on a microscope.  They almost always consist of 4X, 10X, 40X and 100X powers.  When coupled with a 10X (most common) eyepiece lens, we get total magnifications of 40X (4X times 10X), 100X , 400X and 1000X. 
The shortest lens is the lowest power, the longest one is the lens with the greatest power. 
The high power objective lenses are retractable (i.e. 40XR).  This means that if they hit a slide, the end of the lens will push in (spring loaded) thereby protecting the lens and the slide. 

14. Parts and their function
Rack Stop:  This is an adjustment that determines how close the objective lens can get to the slide.  It is set at the factory and keeps students from cranking the high power objective lens down into the slide and breaking things. 

15. Parts and their function
Condenser Lens:  focus the light onto the specimen.  Condenser lenses are most useful at the highest powers (400X and above).  Microscopes with in stage condenser lenses render a sharper image than those with no lens (at 400X). 

16. Parts and their function
Diaphragm or Iris:  Many microscopes have a rotating disk under the stage.  This diaphragm has different sized holes and is used to vary the intensity and size of the cone of light that is projected upward into the slide. 

17. Image Through Compound Light Microscope
40 x
100 x
400 x

18. Using the Microscope
Follow these directions when using the microscope!
1. To carry the microscope grasp the microscopes arm with one hand. Place your other hand under the base.
2. Place the microscope on a table with the arm toward you.
3. Turn the coarse adjustment knob to raise the body tube.
4. Revolve the nosepiece until the low-power objective lens clicks into place.
5. Adjust the diaphragm. While looking through the eyepiece, also adjust the mirror until you see a bright white circle of light.
6. Place a slide on the stage. Center the specimen over the opening on the stage. Use the stage clips to hold the slide in place.
7. Look at the stage from the side. Carefully turn the coarse adjustment knob to lower the body tube until the low power objective almost touches the slide.
8. Looking through the eyepiece, VERY SLOWLY the coarse adjustment knob until the specimen comes into focus.
9. To switch to the high power objective lens, look at the microscope from the side. CAREFULLY revolve the nosepiece until the high-power objective lens clicks into place. Make sure the lens does not hit the slide.
10. Looking through the eyepiece, turn the fine adjustment knob until the specimen comes into focus
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19. How to Focus Your Microscope
The proper way to focus a microscope is to start with the lowest power objective lens first and while looking from the side, crank the lens down as close to the specimen as possible without touching it.  Now, look through the eyepiece lens and focus upward only until the image is sharp.  If you can't get it in focus, repeat the process again.   Once the image is sharp with the low power lens, you should be able to simply click in the next power lens and do minor adjustments with the focus knob.  If your microscope has a fine focus adjustment, turning it a bit should be all that's necessary.   Continue with subsequent objective lenses and fine focus each time. 

20. Stereo microscope
The stereo or dissecting microscope serves a different purpose.
It produces a 3-D visualization of the sample being examined.
Used to study the surfaces of solid specimens or to carry out close work such as sorting, dissection, microsurgery, watch-making, small circuit board manufacture or inspection, and the like.

21. How to make slides Wet mount slide Dry mount slide Heat fix slide
Simple stain slide

22. A. Wet mount slide Put one drop of water on the slide.
Place an object on the slide.
Lower the cover glass slowly to avoid air pockets, pull the tweezers out.
After placing the cover glass, the excess water should be absorbed with paper.