1. Figure 10.1 The human respiratory system.

2. Figure 10.1 The human respiratory system.
Nose Passageway for air
Nasal cavity Filters, warms, and moistens air
UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT
Mouth Passageway for food and air 1 6 2
Pleural membranes Cover the lungs and line the chest cavity 3 7
LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT 4
Intercostal muscle Moves ribs during respiration 5
Rib
Right lung
Left lung 8

3. Figure 22.3b The upper respiratory tract.
Pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
(b) Regions of the pharynx

4. Figure 22.3c The upper respiratory tract.
Cribriform plate
of ethmoid bone
Frontal sinus
Sphenoid sinus
Nasal cavity
Nasal conchae
(superior, middle
and inferior)
Nasopharynx
Pharyngeal (tubal) tonsil
Nasal meatuses
(superior, middle,
and inferior)
Opening of auditory (pharyngotympanic) tube
Uvula
Nostril
Oropharynx
Hard palate
Palatine tonsil
Soft palate
Tongue
Lingual tonsil
Laryngopharynx
Hyoid bone
Larynx
Epiglottis
Esophagus
Vestibular fold
Thyroid cartilage
Vocal fold
Cricoid cartilage
Trachea
Thyroid gland
(c) Illustration

5. Figure 22.3a The upper respiratory tract.
Olfactory nerves
Olfactory
epithelium
(a) Photograph

6. Figure 7.15 Paranasal sinuses.
Frontal
sinus
Frontal
sinus
Ethmoidal
air cells
(sinus)
Ethmoidal
air cells
Sphenoid
sinus
Sphenoid
sinus
Maxillary
sinus
Maxillary
sinus
(a) Anterior aspect
(b) Medial aspect

7. (a) Anterior superficial view
Figure 22.4a The larynx.
Epiglottis
Body of hyoid bone
Thyroid cartilage
Laryngeal prominence
(Adam’s apple)
Cricoid cartilage
Tracheal cartilages
(a) Anterior superficial view

8. (c) Photograph of cartilaginous frame-
Figure 22.4c The larynx.
Epiglottis
Hyoid bone
Thyroid
cartilage
Glottis
Cricoid
cartilage
Tracheal
cartilages
(c) Photograph of cartilaginous frame-
work of the larynx, posterior view

9. Figure 10.4 Structures associated with the production of sound.

10. Figure 22.5 Movements of the vocal folds.
Base of tongue
Epiglottis
Vestibular fold
(false vocal cord)
Vocal fold
(true vocal cord)
(a) Vocal folds in closed position;
closed glottis
(b) Vocal folds in open position;
open glottis

11. Figure 22.6a Tissue composition of the tracheal wall.
Posterior
Mucosa
Esophagus
Submucosa
Trachealis
muscle
Seromucous gland
in submucosa
Lumen of
trachea
Hyaline cartilage
Adventitia
Anterior
(a) Cross section of the trachea and esophagus

12. Figure 22.6b Tissue composition of the tracheal wall.
Mucosa
• Pseudostratified
ciliated columnar
epithelium
• Lamina propria
(connective tissue)
Submucosa
Seromucous gland
in submucosa
Hyaline cartilage
(b) Photomicrograph of the tracheal wall (320x)

13. Figure 22.6c Tissue composition of the tracheal wall.
(c) Scanning electron micrograph of
cilia in the trachea (2500x)

14. (a) Anterior view. The lungs flank mediastinal structures laterally.
Figure 22.10a Anatomical relationships of organs in the thoracic cavity.
Trachea
Lung
Thymus
Apex of lung
Heart
(in mediastinum)
Diaphragm
Base of lung
Cardiac notch
(a) Anterior view. The lungs flank mediastinal structures laterally.

15. Figure 22.7 Conducting zone passages.
Trachea
Superior lobe
of left lung
Left main
(primary)
bronchus
Superior lobe
of right lung
Lobar
(secondary)
bronchus
Segmental
(tertiary)
bronchus
Middle lobe
of right lung
Inferior lobe
of right lung
Inferior lobe
of left lung

16. Figure 22.11 A cast of the bronchial tree.
Right lung
Left lung

17. (b) Photograph of medial view of the left lung.
Figure 22.10b Anatomical relationships of organs in the thoracic cavity.
Pulmonary
artery
Left main
bronchus
Pulmonary vein
Pulmonary
hilum
Impression of heart
Aortic
impression
(b) Photograph of medial view of the left lung.

18. • Left pulmonary artery Visceral pleura • Left pulmonary vein
Figure 22.10c Anatomical relationships of organs in the thoracic cavity.
Posterior
Esophagus
(in mediastinum)
Vertebra
hilum
Parietal
pleura
• Left main bronchus
• Left pulmonary artery
Visceral
pleura
• Left pulmonary vein
Pleural
cavity
Pulmonary trunk
Pericardial
membranes
Heart (in mediastinum)
Sternum
Anterior
(c) Transverse section through the thorax, viewed from above. Lungs,
pleural membranes, and major organs in the mediastinum are shown.

19. Figure 22.8 Respiratory zone structures.
Alveoli
Alveolar duct
Respiratory
bronchioles
Alveolar duct
Terminal
bronchiole
Alveolar
sac
(a)
Respiratory
bronchiole
Alveolar
duct
Alveolar
pores
Alveoli
Alveolar
sac
(b)

20. Figure 22.9a Alveoli and the respiratory membrane.
Terminal bronchiole
Respiratory bronchiole
Smooth
muscle
Elastic
fibers
Alveolus
Capillaries
(a) Diagrammatic view of capillary-alveoli relationships

21. Figure 10.8a Gas exchange between the blood and alveoli. (3 of 3)

22. Figure 22.9c Alveoli and the respiratory membrane.
Red blood
cell
Type I cell
(squamous
epithelial)
Alveolar pores
Capillary O2
Capillary
CO2
Alveolus
Macrophage
Endothelial cell nucleus
Alveolar
epithelium
Respiratory
membrane
Red blood cell
in capillary
Alveoli
Type II (surfactant-
secreting) cell
Capillary
endothelium
(c) Detailed anatomy of the respiratory membrane

23. Figure 10.8b Gas exchange between the blood and alveoli.

24. Figure 10.8a Gas exchange between the blood and alveoli. (2 of 3)