1. FORMAT FESTIVAL AN INTRODUCTION TO SAS® FORMATS AND INFORMATS By David Maddox

2. FORMAT FESTIVAL Formats and Informats - powerful SAS® language components. Format - an instruction or template that SAS uses to output data values. Informat - an instruction or template for reading data values.

3. FORMAT FESTIVAL There are two basic types of Informats – SAS® Supplied and User Created. Character Informats have the form - $ w. Examples - $char7., $hex4.

4. FORMAT FESTIVAL Numeric Informats omit the “$” sign and may include a decimal width. Examples of numeric Informats are: comma7.2 – removes embedded commas and $ signs. pd4. – Reads packed decimal

5. FORMAT FESTIVAL Date Informats are used to convert date and time information into a SAS® date format. A SAS date is a number which represents the number of days since January 1, 1960. Examples of date Informats are: mmddyy10. – 10/09/2006 date11. – 09/OCT/2006

6. FORMAT FESTIVAL Specifying Informats for use in a program. - INPUT Statement - INPUT, INPUTC, INPUTN Functions - INFORMAT Statement - ATTRIB Statement

7. FORMAT FESTIVAL Example 1 – Using an Informat to read in a variable. 03/01/2002 $1,035,053. 03/04/2002 $1,075,310. 03/05/2002 $1,236,607. 03/06/2002 $1,422,098. 03/07/2002 $1,635,413. 03/08/2002 $1,880,725. 03/11/2002 $2,162,834. 03/12/2002 $2,487,259. 03/13/2002 $2,860,348. 03/14/2002 $3,289,400. 03/15/2002 $3,782,810. 03/18/2002 $4,350,232. 03/19/2002 $5,002,767.

8. FORMAT FESTIVAL data ex1; Infile 'c:\Workshop\HW07\Data\ex1.txt; input datev mmddyy10. revenue comma12.; run;

9. FORMAT FESTIVAL Example 2 – Creating and using a user defined Informat. - PROC FORMAT is used to create user-defined Formats and Informats - Use an INFORMAT or ATTRIB statement to permanently associate a variable and an Informat

10. FORMAT FESTIVAL proc format; invalue $ganpa '229'='Albany' '706','762'='Athens' '404','470','678','770'='Atlanta' '478'='Macon' '912'='Savannah'; run; data ex2; length npa $8; input npa $ganpa3. nxx $ 4-6 line $ 7-10 revenue 12.2; cards; 404423AAAA50.0 229543XXXX75.0 912333BBBB25.0 912767CCCC31.75 678221DDDD46.0 478332EEEE34.5 770681FFFF21.7 706728GGGG45.8 229476HHHH31.2 ; run;

11. FORMAT FESTIVAL Obsnpanxxlinerevenue 1Atlanta423AAAA50 2Albany543XXXX75 3Savannah333BBBB25 4Savannah767CCCC31.75 5Atlanta221DDDD46 6Macon332EEEE34.5 7Atlanta681FFFF21.7 8Athens728GGGG45.8 9Albany476HHHH31.2

12. FORMAT FESTIVAL Example 3 – Creating a permanent user defined Informat -Reference the catalog using PROC FORMAT Library= option. -Use LIBNAME to declare a FORMATS catalog

13. FORMAT FESTIVAL proc format library=library; invalue $ganpa '229'='Albany' '706','762'='Athens' '404','470','678','770'='Atlanta' '478'='Macon '912'='Savannah'; run; proc format library=library fmtlib; select @$ganpa; run; The FMTLIB produces the following information about the $ganpa. INFORMAT. This option can be used to check the user created INFORMAT for accuracy and completeness.

14. FORMAT FESTIVAL | INFORMAT NAME: @$GANPA LENGTH: 8 NUMBER OF VALUES: 9 MIN LENGTH: 1 MAX LENGTH: 40 DEFAULT LENGTH 8 FUZZ: 0 |-------------------------------------------------------------------------- |START |END |INVALUE(VER. V7|V8 04JUL2006:18:25:37)| |----------------+----------------+---------------------------------------- |229 |229 |Albany |404 |404 |Atlanta |470 |470 |Atlanta |478 |478 |Macon |678 |678 |Atlanta |706 |706 |Athens |762 |762 |Athens |770 |770 |Atlanta |912 |912 |Savannah ----------------------------------------------------------------------------

15. FORMAT FESTIVAL Example 4 – Using a Format to print a variable - PUT Statement - PUT, PUTC, PUTN Functions - %SYSFUNC macro function - FORMAT Statement - ATTRIB Statement

16. FORMAT FESTIVAL libname ds 'c:\Workshop\HW07\Datasets'; proc print data=ds.ex1; run; proc print data=ds.ex1; format datev mmddyy10. revenue comma12.; run; proc print data=ds.ex1; format datev mmddyy7. revenue dollar14.2; run; proc print data=ds.ex1; format datev date7. revenue euro12.; run; proc print data=ds.ex1; format datev worddate12. revenue e12.; run; data _null_; set ds.ex1; file print; put datev date9. +1 revenue comma14.2; run;

17. FORMAT FESTIVAL Example 5 – Creating and using a user defined Formats - PROC FORMAT is used to create user-defined Formats and Informats - Use an FORMAT or ATTRIB statement to permanently associate a variable and a Format

18. FORMAT FESTIVAL proc format; value $ganpaf '229'='Albany' '706','762'='Athens' '404','470','678','770'='Atlanta’ '478'='Macon' '912'='Savannah'; run; proc print data=ex2; format npa $ganpaf.; run;

19. FORMAT FESTIVAL Obs npa nxx line revenue 1 Atlanta 423 AAAA 50.00 2 Albany 543 XXXX 75.00 3 Savannah 333 BBBB 25.00 4 Savannah 767 CCCC 31.75 5 Atlanta 221 DDDD 46.00 6 Macon 332 EEEE 34.50 7 Atlanta 681 FFFF 21.70 8 Athens 728 GGGG 45.80 9 Albany 476 HHHH 31.20

20. FORMAT FESTIVAL Example 6 – Using a FORMAT to classify data. -Use PROC FORMAT to declare a range instead of just one equivalent value. - Apply the FORMAT range to the original variable in a PROC or DATA step.

21. FORMAT FESTIVAL proc format; value revtype 0 -< 35 = 'LOW' 36 -< 55 = 'AVERAGE' 56 -< 80 = 'HIGH'; run; data ex3; set ex2; revenue1=revenue; run; proc print data=ex3; format revenue revtype.; var npa nxx line revenue1 revenue; Run;

22. FORMAT FESTIVAL Obs npa nxx line revenue1 revenue 1 404 423 AAAA 50.00 AVERAGE 2 229 543 XXXX 75.00 HIGH 3 912 333 BBBB 25.00 LOW 4 912 767 CCCC 31.75 LOW 5 678 221 DDDD 46.00 AVERAGE 6 478 332 EEEE 34.50 LOW 7 770 681 FFFF 21.70 LOW 8 706 728 GGGG 45.80 AVERAGE 9 229 476 HHHH 31.20 LOW

23. FORMAT FESTIVAL Exercise 7 - Using a Format as a look-up facility -Define a FORMAT using PROC FORMAT -Use a PUT function to test each observation AND select by the formatted value

24. FORMAT FESTIVAL Proc format; value $metro '404','470','678','770'='me'; run; data metro; set ex2; if put(npa,$metro.)='me'; proc print data=metro; title 'Metro Atlanta'; run;

25. FORMAT FESTIVAL Metro Atlanta Obs npa nxx line revenue 1 404 423 AAAA 50.0 2 678 221 DDDD 46.0 3 770 681 FFFF 21.7

26. FORMAT FESTIVAL Example 8 – Creating a Format with the CNTLN option - Create a data set that can be used to construct a Format -Define variables – START, LABEL, FMTNAME as a minimum. -Read the data set into PROC FORMAT using the CNTLN option

27. FORMAT FESTIVAL

28. libname ds 'J:\Flash_Drive_4_Gig\SESUG 2006\HW07'; libname library 'J:\Flash_Drive_4_Gig\SESUG 2006\HW07'; data ocnlist; length label $ 50; set ds.nm_ocn_list; start=ocn; label=carrier; fmtname='$New_Mexico_OCN'; run; proc format library=library cntlin=ocnlist; run; proc format library=library fmtlib; select $New_Mexico_OCN; run;

29. FORMAT FESTIVAL

30. Traffic Lighting Not a recode, but an improvement in the visual effect of making certain values stand out. Example: Obsnpanxxlinerevenue 1404423AAAA50.00 2229543XXXX75.00 3912333BBBB25.00 4912767CCCC31.75 5678221DDDD46.00 6478332EEEE34.50 7770681FFFF21.70 8706728GGGG45.80 9229476HHHH31.20 FORMAT FESTIVAL

31. proc format; value larg low - 24.00 ='Green' 23.00 - 49.00='Blue' 50.00 - high='Red'; run; proc print data=subscribers; var npa nxx line; var revenue / style={foreground=larg.}; run; FORMAT FESTIVAL

32. Obsnpanxxlinerevenue 1404423AAAA50.00 2229543XXXX75.00 3912333BBBB25.00 4912767CCCC31.75 5678221DDDD46.00 6478332EEEE34.50 7770681FFFF21.70 8706728GGGG45.80 9229476HHHH31.20 - The key element is the use of the “style” option on the revenue variable. -This method is supported for PROC PRINT, PROC TABULATE, and PROC REPORT. -“FORGROUND” controls font color. FORMAT FESTIVAL

33. Obsnpanxxlinerevenue 1404423AAAA50.00 2229543XXXX75.00 3912333BBBB25.00 4912767CCCC31.75 5678221DDDD46.00 6478332EEEE34.50 7770681FFFF21.70 8706728GGGG45.80 9229476HHHH31.20 -The “background” attribute controls the cell color. -In Version 8.2, the presence of a permanent FORMAT for the traffic lighting variable prevented the traffic lighting effect when using PROC PRINT. This problem was fixed in Version 9.1 FORMAT FESTIVAL

34. Nested FORMATS PROC FORMAT; value $metro '404'='City' '470','678','770'='Metro' '229','912'='Outstate' other=[$inter.]; value $inter '803'='SC' '423'='TN' '205'='AL' other='Rest of Country'; run; FORMAT FESTIVAL

35. ObsnpaNPAnxxlinerevenue 1City404423AAAA50.00 2Outstate229543XXXX75.00 3Outstate912333BBBB25.00 4Outstate912767CCCC31.75 5Metro678221DDDD46.00 6Rest of Country478332EEEE34.50 7Metro770681FFFF21.70 8Rest of Country706728GGGG45.80 9Outstate229476HHHH31.20 10AL205768xxxx35.00 Using the $metro FORMAT to print the subscribers dataset produces the following output: FORMAT FESTIVAL

36. Version 9.2 New Formats $BASE64X – Converts character data to ASCII text using Base 64 encoding. PERCENTN – Produces percentages, using a minus sign for negative values. DATEW. – Enhanced to write dates in the form dd-mmm-yyy.

37. FORMAT FESTIVAL This is a very brief look at Formats and Informats. They can help you write some very elegant and concise code. Make them a permanent part of your SAS® repertoire. SAS and all other SAS Institute Inc. product or service names are registered trademarks or trademarks of SAS Institute Inc. in the USA and other countries. ® indicates USA registration.