1. dbc@csit.fsu.edu1 CIS 5930-04 – Spring 2001 http://aspen.csit.fsu.edu/it1spring01 Instructors: Geoffrey Fox, Bryan Carpenter Computational Science and Information Technology Florida State University Special Topic: Apache and Tomcat

2. dbc@csit.fsu.edu2 The Apache Project  The Apache Project is a collaborative software development effort.  Its goal is to produce a robust, commercial-grade, free HTTP server.  The project is run by volunteers—the Apache Group— communicating and planning through the Internet.  Organizational support is provided by the Apache Software Foundation.  Home page: http://apache.org

3. dbc@csit.fsu.edu3 Foundation Myths  Long ago, when the Web was young, the most famous Web server in the World was called the NCSA server.  It was developed by Rob McCool at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications.  McCool left NCSA in 1994, and development of the public-domain NCSA server temporarily faltered.  At that time, a group of eight powerful Webmasters had developed their own extensions and bug-fixes for the NCSA server.  The founding Webmasters—brought together by email— pooled their updates.  “Apache” came into being early in 1995. It was a series of “patches” to the NCSA code.  A year later, Apache was the most popular Web server.

4. dbc@csit.fsu.edu4 Apache and Tomcat  This “lecture” is mainly a how-to guide to installing the Apache server and integrating it with the current version of Tomcat.  This allows a site primarily served by Apache to seamlessly make servlet and JSP content available.

5. dbc@csit.fsu.edu5 Obtaining Apache for Linux  Go to httpd.apache.org and follow the “download” link.  Negotiate folders through to binaries/linux. –Or go directly to httpd.apache.org/dist/binaries/linux  At the time of writing, the relevant file was apache_1.3.14-i686-whatever-linux2.tar.gz

6. dbc@csit.fsu.edu6 Installing the Apache Server  Unpack the distribution: gunzip -c apache_1.3.14-i686-whatever-linux2.tar.gz | tar xvf - –You can do this step anywhere, e.g. in the /tmp directory.  Go into the created apache_1.3.4 directory and run./install-bindist.sh –I will assume you are logged in as root. –It should be straightforward to install as an ordinary user, but you need to ensure the Apache home directory is set to somewhere in your own home directory. Read the INSTALL.bindist file.

7. dbc@csit.fsu.edu7 The Installation Script  If successful, you will probably see a message something like: Installing binary distribution for platform i686-whatever-linux2 into directory /usr/local/apache... Ready. +--------------------------------------------------------+ | You now have successfully installed the Apache 1.3.14 | | HTTP server. To verify that Apache actually works | | correctly you should first check the (initially | | created or preserved) configuration files: | | | | /usr/local/apache/conf/httpd.conf | | | You should then be able to immediately fire up | | Apache the first time by running: | | | | /usr/local/apache/bin/apachectl start | | | Thanks for using Apache. The Apache Group | | http://www.apache.org/ | +--------------------------------------------------------+

8. dbc@csit.fsu.edu8 Customize the Configuration File  If you wish, edit the file /usr/local/apache/conf/httpd.conf  The most likely changes you will need to make at this stage are to the document root.  For example I changed the lines: DocumentRoot “/usr/local/apache/htdocs” to DocumentRoot “/home/httpd/html” and to  If you are not installing as root, you will also need to change the line “Port 80” to specify a port above 1024.

9. dbc@csit.fsu.edu9 Starting and Stopping the Server  As the installation script said, you can start the httpd server program by the command: /usr/local/apache/bin/apachectl start  Logically enough, you can stop it by: /usr/local/apache/bin/apachectl stop

10. dbc@csit.fsu.edu10 Tomcat vs. Apache  The Apache Web server –is faster than Tomcat when it comes to static pages, –is more configurable than Tomcat, –is more robust than Tomcat, and –it supports CGI scripts, Server API modules, Perl, PHP, etc.  Hence for real world sites, Apache would generally be a better choice than Tomcat, except that... –In itself, Apache doesn’t support Servlets or JavaServer Pages!

11. dbc@csit.fsu.edu11 Integrating Apache and Tomcat  The solution, of course, is to allow the two Web servers to work together.  The Apache server will be the principal server, dealing with static documents. –Or dynamic documents generated by any of the other technologies mentioned in the previous slide.  Apache will forward requests for Servlets or JavaServer Pages to Tomcat.  The approach we describe here is what was called the “out-of-process servlet container” the lectures on Servlets.

12. dbc@csit.fsu.edu12 Out-of-Process Servlet Container Browser Apache Client Server Tomcat Servlet Request 80 8007 Servlet Request HTTP AJP

13. dbc@csit.fsu.edu13 The Adapter  For Apache to communicate with Tomcat, and forward requests as necessary, it needs some extra software— an “adapter”.  An adapter will be implemented as an Apache module. –An Apache module is a piece of code that can be optionally linked in to (or left out of) the main server code. –Non-standard, plug-in, modules will typically be shared-object libraries (DLLs under Windows). –These live in a directory called /usr/local/apache/libexec.  Apache modules generally have names of the form mod_XXXX –For example, mod_perl.  There are two Tomcat adapter modules in common use: mod_jserv and mod_jk.

14. dbc@csit.fsu.edu14 mod_jk  mod_jk is a new Tomcat-Apache plug-in that handles communication between Tomcat and Apache. –It replaces the older mod_jserv.  For more information, see the file doc/mod_jk-howto.html in the Tomcat release, which is also online at jakarta.apache.org/tomcat/jakarta-tomcat/src/doc/mod_jk- howto.html  For now the only way to obtain the mod_jk library for Linux seems to be to build it yourself. The sources are included in the source release of Tomcat.

15. dbc@csit.fsu.edu15 Obtaining mod_jk for Linux  Go to jakarta.apache.org and follow the “Source Code” link.  Get the release build of Tomcat (currently 3.2). At the time of writing, the relevant file is jakarta-tomcat-3.2-src.tar.gz  Unpack the distribution: gunzip -c jakarta-tomcat-3.2-src.tar.gz | tar xvf - –You can do this anywhere, e.g. in /tmp. –I do not particularly recommend you try to rebuild the Tomcat server itself from this release: it is much easier just to download the compiled, “binary” version of the server, as described in the lectures on Servlets.

16. dbc@csit.fsu.edu16 Building mod_jk  Go to the directory jakarta-tomcat-3.2-src/src/native/apache1.3  If necessary, edit the definition of the macro APXS in Makefile.linux so that it refers to the apxs command in the Apache release, probably /usr/local/apache/bin/apxs.  Build the library: make -f Makefile.linux  Install the plug-in in the Apache libexec/ directory, e.g.: cp mod_jk.so /usr/local/apache/libexec

17. dbc@csit.fsu.edu17 Updating the Apache Configuration  In the first instance (until you need to do something clever) this is very easy, because whenever the Tomcat server is run, it generates a self-describing “include” file. –This file contains a series of Apache configuration-file commands.  The include file is in jakarta-tomcat-X.X/conf/mod_jk.conf-auto  In my case I added the line include /home/users/dbc/jakarta-tomcat-3.2/conf/mod_jk.conf- auto to the end of the file /usr/local/apache/conf/httpd.conf.

18. dbc@csit.fsu.edu18 Fragment of the File mod_jk.conf-auto ######################################################### # Auto configuration for the /dbc context starts. ######################################################### # The following line makes apache aware of the location of the /dbc context Alias /dbc "/home/users/dbc/jakarta-tomcat-3.2/webapps/dbc" Options Indexes FollowSymLinks # The following line mounts all JSP files and the /servlet/ uri to tomcat JkMount /dbc/servlet/* ajp12 JkMount /dbc/*.jsp ajp12 # The following line prohibits users from directly accessing WEB-INF AllowOverride None deny from all # The following line prohibits users from directly accessing META-INF AllowOverride None deny from all

19. dbc@csit.fsu.edu19 Remarks  Recall these are commands that Tomcat generates to configure Apache.  As the first comments indicates, these commands relate to the servlet context called dbc/.  The Alias command causes Apache to generally look in the Tomcat document directory for URLs with paths that start /dbc. –This is needed for static documents in the Tomcat directory.  The first JkMount command causes URLs with paths that match the pattern /dbc/servlet/* to be redirected to the AJP module (hence the Tomcat server).  The second JkMount command causes URLs with paths that match the pattern /dbc/*.jsp to be similarly redirected Tomcat server.

20. dbc@csit.fsu.edu20 Configuring “Workers”  In Tomcat 3.2, the generated include file, jakarta-tomcat- X.X/conf/mod_jk.conf-auto has a reference to the file workers.properties in the same directory. You will probably have to manually edit this file.  Enclosed comments are fairly self-explanatory. If necessary change the Java home directory and the path-component separator (to / rather than \ for Linux).  You may also need to choose one or the other of ajp12 and ajp13, and comment out references to the other. –I went with ajp12. ajp13 is supposed to be an improved protocol, but I know and love ajp12.  Set the port number for your AJP connector, as specified in server.xml.  See jakarta-tomcat-X.X/doc/Tomcat-Workers- HowTo.html.

21. dbc@csit.fsu.edu21 Start the Apache Server...  In principle, we are done. Restart the Apache server.  With the default configuration, URLs with paths in Tomcat servlet contexts that start /servlet or end with.jsp are redirected to Tomcat. –Note Apache will directly serve static.html pages, even if they are in the Tomcat document directory. –Because Apache (unlike Tomcat) runs as user nobody by default, such files now need to be world readable.  (Apparently) things continue to work across multiple restarts of Tomcat, even without restarting Apache. –We note however that, according to the FAQ, this is not the case with AJP13...