1. (C) Rodney H. Clarken, 2004 1 Integral Psychology 1 Presentation on Note to Reader and Chapters 1-2: Introduction to psychology & developmental levels, waves, lines and streams Rodney H. Clarken School of Education, Northern Michigan University

2. (C) Rodney H. Clarken, 2004 2 Integral Psychology 1 This series of presentations entitled Integral Psychology is based on Ken Wilber’s book Integral Psychology published in 2000 by Shambhala Publications of Boston. This presentation, Integral Psychology 1, is based on the book’s Note to the Reader, Chapter 1 The Basic Levels or Waves and Chapter 2 Developmental Lines or Streams.

3. (C) Rodney H. Clarken, 2004 3 \In"te*gral\ a. 1. Lacking nothing of completeness; complete; perfect; uninjured; whole; entire. (Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary) “comprehensive, balanced, inclusive, essential for completeness.” (dictionary)

4. (C) Rodney H. Clarken, 2004 4 \Psy*chol"o*gy\ The science of the human soul; specifically, the systematic or scientific knowledge of the powers and functions of the human soul. Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary

5. (C) Rodney H. Clarken, 2004 5 \Soul\ The animating and vital principle in humankind credited with the faculties of thought, action and emotion and conceived as forming an immaterial entity distinguished from but temporally coexistent with the body. Reader’s Digest Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

6. (C) Rodney H. Clarken, 2004 6 “an animating and vital principle” Energy; courage; spirit; fervor; affection, or any other noble manifestation of the heart or moral nature; inherent power or goodness. Definition 4 of soul from Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary The soul is like the sun which illumines, sustains and is reflected in the body and mind.

7. (C) Rodney H. Clarken, 2004 7 “faculties of thought, action and emotion” Thought (Mind): Knowing, Seeing Understanding TRUTH Action (Will): Creating, Doing Justice GOOD Emotion (Heart): Loving, Feeling Unity BEAUTY

8. (C) Rodney H. Clarken, 2004 8 “an immaterial entity” \Im`ma*te"ri*al\ 1. Not consisting of matter; incorporeal; spiritual; \Spir"it*u*al\ 1. Consisting of spirit; not material; incorporeal; 2. Of or pertaining to the intellectual and higher endowments of the mind; mental; intellectual. 3. Of or pertaining to the moral feelings or states of the soul, as distinguished from the external actions; reaching and affecting the spirits. 4. Of or pertaining to the soul or its affections as influenced by the Spirit;

9. (C) Rodney H. Clarken, 2004 9 “distinguished from but temporally coexistent with the body” The soul is different and distinct from the body, but associated with it, like the reflection in a mirror, for the limited time of physical life. The body is like a horse and the soul is like the rider. We identify with and care for the body as it is the vehicle for the soul, our true identity, which exists after the body dies.

10. (C) Rodney H. Clarken, 2004 10 Psychology Science of the psyche or soul. New Princeton Review, 1888 Psyche has ancient sources several millennia old, referring to the animating force or spirit in the body Psyche: “self; atman, soul, spirit; subjectivity: higher self, spiritual self, spirit.” Microsoft Thesaurus

11. (C) Rodney H. Clarken, 2004 11 “Experimental psychology, born with Fechner, nurtured by Helmholtz and Donders, was to be raised by Wundt.” http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/Mind/Consciousness.html Text and photos from http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/Mind/Consciousness.html

12. (C) Rodney H. Clarken, 2004 12 Gustav Fechner (1801-1887) German physicist and philosopher who founded the science of psychophysics.psychophysics He taught at the University of Leipzig (1834–40) but left because of ill health. He developed experimental procedures, still useful in experimental psychology, for measuring sensations in relation to the physical magnitude of stimuli, establishing that, as physical stimulation increases logarithmically, sensation increases arithmetically. (Britannica Concise Encyclopedia)

13. (C) Rodney H. Clarken, 2004 13 Fechner’s contributions Devised an equation to express Weber- Fechner law: S=K log I (mental sensation varies as a logarithm of material stimulus) Principal scientific work: Elements of Psychophysics (1860). Also wrote Life After Death (1835) and much more.

14. (C) Rodney H. Clarken, 2004 14 Fechner: Body, Mind, Spirit “ In the first stage his body develops itself from its germ, working out organs for the second; in the second stage his mind develops itself from its germ, working out organs for the third; in the third the divine germ develops itself, which lies hidden in every human mind.” ( Life after Death, 1835; Quoted in Wilber, p. ix)

15. (C) Rodney H. Clarken, 2004 15 Fechner maintained that “The whole universe is spiritual in character, the phenomenal world of physics being merely the external manifestation of this spiritual reality. Atoms are only the simplest elements in a spiritual hierarchy leading up to God.” The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, vol. 3.

16. (C) Rodney H. Clarken, 2004 16 von Helmholtz and Donders Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) described visual and auditory perception Franciscus Donders (1818-1889) investigated reaction time, studying the time to make mental operations Many others in and around Germany contributed to beginning of psychology

17. (C) Rodney H. Clarken, 2004 17 Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) 1879, University of Leipzig, started first psychology laboratory, generally considered the father of modern scientific psychology. Wundt said: “Fechner was the first to introduce exact methods, exact principles of measurement and experimental observation for the investigation of psychic phenomenon.” (Wilber, 2000, p. viii)

18. (C) Rodney H. Clarken, 2004 18 Roots of modern psychology Lie in spiritual traditions, such as Eastern and Western mysticism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism, Judaism, Christianity and Islam, that were translated into perennial philosophy then psychology, all of which taught matter and spirit are inseparable; two aspects of one reality

19. (C) Rodney H. Clarken, 2004 19 “Psychology is the study of human consciousness and its manifestations in behavior.” (Wilber, p. 1) Consciousness includes: Functions: i.e., perception, desire, will and action Structures: body, mind, soul and spirit States: normal (e.g., waking, dreaming and sleeping) and altered (e.g., meditative) Modes: i.e., aessthetic, moral, scientific

20. (C) Rodney H. Clarken, 2004 20 Problem with psychology is The different schools of psychology that have historically developed have often reduced consciousness to only one of its many aspects and proclaim it the most important or only aspect worth study.

21. (C) Rodney H. Clarken, 2004 21 For example, the following schools have reduced consciousness to Behaviorism: its observable, behavioral manifestations Psychoanalysis: structures of the ego and their impact on the id Existentialism: its personal structures and modes of intentionality

22. (C) Rodney H. Clarken, 2004 22 Transpersonal: altered states of consciousness Asian psychologies: transformations from personal to transpersonal Cognitive: objective neural functions

23. (C) Rodney H. Clarken, 2004 23 Integral Psychology “Endeavors to honor and embrace every legitimate aspect of human consciousness.” Integral Psychology, 2000 Drawing on premodern, modern and postmodern sources to reconcile the structures, states, functions, modes, development and behavioral aspects of consciousness.

24. (C) Rodney H. Clarken, 2004 24 Premodern Psychology: Perennial Philosophy Common core of the world’s great spiritual traditions: Three thousand years of cross-cultural agreement on levels of existence--being and knowing—called the Great Chain of Being, range from matter to body to mind to soul to spirit with each senior dimension transcending but including its juniors.

25. (C) Rodney H. Clarken, 2004 25 Great Chain/Nest of Being Codification of experiential realities from sub consciousness (body) to self- consciousness (mind) to super consciousness (soul) consensually validated and directly experienced The all-embracing pattern of reality from pre personal (body) to personal (mind) to transpersonal (soul)

26. (C) Rodney H. Clarken, 2004 26 A Matter/physics A+B Life/biology A+B+C Mind/psychology A+B+C+D Soul/theology A+B+C+D+E Spirit/mysticism Spirit (nondual) A +B +C +D +E Adapted from Wilber, p. 6

27. (C) Rodney H. Clarken, 2004 27 Huston Smith, Beyond the Post-Modern Mind, p. 41

28. (C) Rodney H. Clarken, 2004 28 Diagram by Brad Reynolds, from Ken Wilber, A Brief History of Everything, (Shambhala: Boston), 1996.Adapted from Huston SmithA Brief History of Everything

29. (C) Rodney H. Clarken, 2004 29 Each levels of reality can be studied separately "The marvels of the terrestrial plane are being unveiled at an astonishing rate by the physical sciences. The intermediate realm adds life and consciousness: biology helps to understand the former, and for light on the latter we turn to the durable findings of phenomenology, depth psychology, and parapsychology, as well as aspects of shamanism and folk religion. The theologies of the great traditions describe God's knowable nature (the celestial plane) from a variety of cultural angles, and the literature of mysticism carries the mind as far as it can journey into God's absolute and infinite depths" [Huston Smith, Beyond the Post-Modern Mind, p.45].depth psychologygreat traditions mysticismabsolute and infinite depthsBeyond the Post-Modern Mind

30. (C) Rodney H. Clarken, 2004 30 Higher levels available to all But as potentials, not givens Great nest of being is a morphogenetic (differentiation-inducing, form-producing) field that provides a developmental space in which human potentialities can unfold from matter to body to mind to soul to spirit

31. (C) Rodney H. Clarken, 2004 31 Holons A whole that is part of other wholes Holarchies are levels of increasing wholeness as in atoms to molecules to cells to organisms to ecosystems Qualitatively distinct, holistic patterns, infinitely shaded

32. (C) Rodney H. Clarken, 2004 32 Natural states of consciousness Gross body-waking-supports material mind-access to ego Subtle body-dreaming-supports emotional and mental mind-access to soul Causal body-deep sleep-supports the spiritual mind-access to spirit

33. (C) Rodney H. Clarken, 2004 33 Altered states of consciousness Peak experiences-allows a “peek” at a higher level of consciousness; can occur at any stage of development, but are temporary Can be induced by physical, mental or spiritual means: drugs, arts, prayer, fasting, meditation

34. (C) Rodney H. Clarken, 2004 34 Interpreting peak experiences How we interpret experiences depends on our level of development Example: Egocentric people having a mystical peak experience may interpret it as their being unique, chosen or superior to others, leading to greater ego inflation

35. (C) Rodney H. Clarken, 2004 35 Seven Ages of a Person Each age takes about seven years Like the seven chakras 1.Physical, 1-7 years old 2.Emotional-sexual, 7-14 3.Logical mind (lower mental), 14-21 4. Vision-logic (middle mind), 21-28 5. Psychic (higher mental), 28-35 6. Subtle (soul), 35-42 7. Casual (spirit), 42-49

36. (C) Rodney H. Clarken, 2004 36 Consciousness and Cognition Western psychology has come to define cognition and consciousness through the very narrow lens of scientific materialism as the apprehension of exterior objects, excluding other forms of consciousness and cognition, such as the interior and subjective modes of knowing

37. (C) Rodney H. Clarken, 2004 37 Cognitive development Is necessary, but not sufficient for other developments, such as moral, ego, artistic, affective and self development Moves through predictable and universal stages of sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete, formal and post formal

38. (C) Rodney H. Clarken, 2004 38 Stages of Cognitive Development Preoperational, first-person perspective (egocentric) Concrete operational, second person perspective (ethnocentric) Formal operational, third-person perspective (world centric) Post formal, multiple perspectives, (pluralistic- integral)

39. (C) Rodney H. Clarken, 2004 39 Some developmental lines Morals Affects Self-identity Psychosexuality Role-taking Interpersonal Creativity Altruism Worldviews Logico-mathematical Empathy Kinesthetic

40. (C) Rodney H. Clarken, 2004 40 Development Proceeds along different lines at different rates Each line follows similar predictable sequential hierarchical stages: 1.sensorimotor/preconventional/body 2. concrete actions/conventional rules/mind 3. formal, abstract/post conventional/mind-soul

41. (C) Rodney H. Clarken, 2004 41

42. (C) Rodney H. Clarken, 2004 42 References Most of the material in this presentation was taken from Wilber, K. (2000). Integral Psychology. Boston: Shambhala, pp. 33-56.