1. Body Organization and Terminology
Lab Exercise 2
Bio 160

2. Body Cavities Axial – Head, neck and trunk
Appendicular – Upper and lower limbs

3. Body Cavities
Dorsal cavity – back side – formed by cranium and vertebrae
Cranial cavity – contains brain
Vertebral (spinal) canal – contains spinal cord

5. Body Cavities
Ventral Cavity – Belly side - organs inside are collectively called viscera
lined with serous membrane (parietal and visceral) (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium)
Thoracic cavity
Pleural cavity - contains lungs (parietal and visceral pleura)

7. Body Cavities
Mediastinum - mass of soft tissue between lungs from sternum to vertebral column; includes heart in pericardial cavity (parietal and visceral pericardium), aorta, esophagus and trachea

8. Body Cavities
Abdominopelvic cavity - lined with parietal and visceral peritoneum
(diaphragm divides the thoracic from abdominopelvic)
Abdominal
Pelvic

9. Body Cavities Smaller cavities within the head Oral cavity
Nasal cavity and sinuses
Orbital cavity
Middle ear cavity

11. Organ Systems Integumentary system – Body covering Skin Hair and nails
Skeletal system – Support and protection of soft tissue, production of blood cells and storage of calcium
Bones

12. Organ Systems Ligaments Cartilage
Muscular system – Movement, posture maintenance and heat production
Skeletal muscles
Tendons

13. Organ Systems
Nervous system – Receives sensory information, interprets information and stimulates effectors (ex. muscles or glands)
Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves

14. Organ Systems Endocrine system – Secretes hormones Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Ovaries and Testes
Thymus

15. Organ Systems
Cardiovascular system – Transport of gases, nutrients, hormones and wastes throughout body
Heart
Arteries
Veins

16. Organ Systems
Lymphatic system – Transports fluids back to bloodstream and some fats away from digestive system, also helps fight infections
Lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
Thymus
Spleen

17. Organ Systems
Digestive system – Breaks down food into simpler forms that can be absorbed by the body
Mouth
Tongue
Teeth
Salivary glands
Pharnyx

18. Organ Systems Esophagus Stomach Liver Gallbladder Pancreas
Small Intestines
Large Intestines

19. Organ Systems
Respiratory system – Move air in and out and exchange gases between the blood and air
Nasal cavity and Pharnyx
Larnyx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs

20. Organ Systems
Urinary system – Removes wastes from blood and maintains the body’s water and salt balance
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra

21. Organ Systems
Male Reproductive system –Production and delivery of male reproductive cells (sperm)
Scrotum
Testes
Penis
Urethra

22. Organ Systems
Female Reproductive system –Production and maintenance of female reproductive cells (eggs)
Ovaries
Uterine tubes (Oviducts; Fallopian tubes)
Uterus
Vagina

23. Anatomical Position body upright facing observer arms at side
palms facing forward

24. Directional Terms (anatomical directions)
Dorsal – back side
Ventral – belly side
Anterior – that part which goes first (= ventral because belly goes first when we proceed (anterior = ventral only in bipeds and not in quadripeds))

25. Directional Terms (anatomical directions) (2)
Posterior – that part which follows (posterior = dorsal)
Superior – toward head or above another structure
Inferior – away from the head or below another structure

26. Directional Terms (anatomical directions) (3)
Lateral – away from midline
Medial – toward midline
Superficial – near the surface
Deep – more internal than superficial parts

27. Directional Terms (anatomical directions) (4)
Proximal
nearer to point of attachment of an extremity to trunk (ex. humerus is proximal to radius)
nearer to point of reference (origin) (ex. proximal convoluted tubules in kidney nephrons)

28. Directional Terms (anatomical directions) (5)
Distal
further from attachment of an extremity to trunk
further from point of reference (origin)

30. Body Planes & Sections Plane – imaginary flat surface
Section – flat surface resulting from a cut made through the structure
Sagittal - section resulting from a plane that divides the body into right and left portions

31. Body Planes & Sections (2)
Frontal (Coronal) - section resulting from a plane that divides body into front and back (anterior and posterior)
Transverse (cross) (xs) - section resulting from a plane that divides body into superior and inferior portions along a horizontal plane (actually any section that is a right angle to the length of a structure) (a slice of bread is a cross section of a loaf of bread)

33. Body Regions
Review Body Regions in text, pages 14-17, Fig 1.15&1.16