1. Nutrient cycles and flows in agroecosystems Dissipation into the surrounding environment What is missing?

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4. Cycles Flows Stocks Key terms Fertilizer raw materials Soil nutrient reserves

5. Total N inputs to IL soils Mg = 1 x 10 6 g = 1000 kg = 1 metric ton 1 metric ton=2204.6pounds 1 metric ton=1.1023US tons (alfalfa and other forage legumes)

6. Total N outputs from IL soils

7. Crop specific harvests of N

8. N inputs vs. river export Net input = Gross inputs - outputs 1993

9. Mining Prairie N Anthropogenic N inputs

10. Units are 1000 metric tons N / yr

11. Why does so much N get into Illinois’ rivers ???

12. Approximately 40% of IL fields have artificial drainage

13. Yield maps have made drainage problems much more obvious

14. Redistribution of nutrients excess

15. Mid-Atlantic Manure P and N Surplus State P N --Million Lbs in Excess-- DE 7.314.6 MD 10.419.6 NJ 0.9 1.8 NY 3.3 4.2 PA23.733.8 VA24.842.3 (Source: USDA, 2001)

16. http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y5066e/y5066e02.jpg Nutrient depletion in Africa

17. Nutrient budgets on organic farms http://www.organic.aber.ac.uk/library/Nutrient%20budgets%20on%20organic%20farms.pdf N P K a review of published data Most organic farms in developed countries do not have nutrient deficits even though they don’t use conventional fertilizers.

19. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/DS096 Daily inputs and outputs of dry matter, P and N

20. urinefeces N P K 50% 10%90% 10% N 20% maintenance P 13% maintenance K 12% maintenance 60% 20% 60% 27% 75% 13% http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/html/em/em8586/

21. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/DS096 Nitrogen budget for a dairy in Florida (lbs of N/acre)

22. `Number of dairy cows per farm 453205001300 -- tons of N/year -- Input Purchased Fertilizer1.013.526.19.8 Purchased Feed3.843.878.5205.0 N Fixation by Legumes1.314.613.921.3 Purchased Animals0.00.10.0 6.172.0118.5236.1 Output Milk2.018.626.472.8 Animals Sold0.11.9 3.2 Crops Sold0.10.0 2.220.528.376.0 Surplus+3.9+51.5+90.2+160.1 http://www.dairyn.cornell.edu/pages/10concerns/15nutrient.shtml Nitrogen budget for 4 dairies in New York

23. Manure constituentLbs/year/100 cowsProbable $ value Raw manure (feces + urine)5,045,000 Water in fresh manure4,458,990 Total solids586,000 Total N (lb) 23,400$3,510 1 Total P (lb) 4,800$2,880 1 Total K (lb) 15,100$2,265 1 TOTAL VALUE of N, P, and K $8,655 1 Based on assumed values of $.30/lb N, $.60/lb P, and $.15/lb K; N recovered was 50% of excretion, thus, 50% volatilized. Table 3. Annual manure production and nutrient value for 100 cows ~ 2 X in 2008

24. P inputs for 33 hog and beef operations in NE