1. Our lives would not be the same without them!

2.  Paul R. Tegurtha  Christened April 25, 1981as the William J. De Lancey  Cost to build:  $60 million  Length: 1013.5 ft  Cargo Capacity: 68000 metric tons

3.  The BIG Three: ◦ iron ore (50 million tons/year) ◦ limestone (25 million tons/year) ◦ coal (20 million tons/year)  Western Coal (low sulfur)  Eastern Coal (high sulfur)  EPA Regulations require a mix!  Others: Cement, salt, sand, grain, and gypsum, and more  63 Commercial Ports http://www.lcaships.com/industry/ http://www.dlund.20m.com/images_newest /Taconite.JPG

4.  Policy and Procedures of Maritime Transport divided amongst Canada and the United States ◦ Canada – 2 Provinces ◦ United States – 8 States  227,000 jobs in the U.S. and Canada  $14.1 billion in salary and wages per year  $33.5 billion in business revenue  $4.6 billion in federal, state/provincial and local taxes  164 million metric tons of essential raw materials and finished products ◦ North American farmers, steel producers, construction firms, food manufacturers, and power generators http://www.marinedelivers.com/press-releases/us- media/year-date-total-cargo-shipments-through- seaway-3-percent

5.  18, 000 tonnes x 1 vessel = 1 vessel 18,000 tonnes  18, 000 tonnes x 1Rail Car = 180 Rail Cars 100 tonnes  18,000 tonnes x 1 Semi = 692 Semi-trucks 26 tonnes

6. Port of Green Bay Presentation

7. www.greatlakes-seaway.com

8. Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Residential Energy Consumption Survey.

9.  Answer from previous slide is 90 million BTU, what is this in scientific notation? ◦ 9.0 x 10 7 BTU  What else do we need to know?  Energy from a coal plant: 10,444 BTU/KWH ◦ (British Thermal Units per Kilowatt-hour)  0.9 KWH/lb of coal  If ports are properly dredged, a Laker can carry 70,000 American tons of coal

10. 9.0x10 7 BTU x 1 KWH x 1 lb x 1 ton x 1 freighter = 10,444 BTU 0.9 KWH 2,000 lb 70,000 ton ANSWER = 6.839 x 10 -5 freighters 100,000 Homes on average would need 6.839 Freighters of Coal!!

11.  9.0x10 7 BTU x 1 KWH x 1 lb x 1 tons x =  10,444 BTU 0.9 KWH 2,000 lb  ANSWER: 4.787 tons

12. Graphic Courtesy U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Detroit District. http://www.lcaships.com/environment/

13. www.greatlakes-seaway.com

14.  The aquatic distance from Duluth to Detroit is 873 kilometers. 1.6 km=1 mile  To Transport 1 ton of cargo from Duluth to Detroit  873 km x 1 mile x 1 gal fuel = 0.899 gallons 1.6 km 607 miles  Answer to transport 50,000 tons ◦ 44,950 gallons http://techalive.mtu.edu/glmri/ShipsT ravel.htm

15.  Use our trip taking 50,000 tons of cargo from Duluth to Detroit  38.3 lbs of GHG per 1000 ton-cargo-miles  So for 50,000 tons this is 1,915,000 lbs of GHG  873 km x 1 mile = 1397 miles  1.6 km  1397 x 1,915,000 = 2.68 x 10 9 lb of GHG  REMEMBER, THIS WOULD BE AT LEAST 6-7 TIMES MORE EMISSIONS IF DONE BY TRUCK! 

16.  0.010230 metric tons of CO 2 per gallon for diesel  0.000055 metric tons of CO 2 per gallon for natural gas  NEW Advancements is to work towards converting the freighters over to natural gas  First as early as Spring 2015 Values: http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/air/ permit_register/ghg/GHG_transp.html

17. www.greatlakes-seaway.com

21. http://www.marinedelivers.com/enviro nment

22.  Time?  Money?

24.  A 1,000- foot Laker can transport enough iron pellets to make 15,000 automobiles.  A Laker can last 100 years compared to a Saltie’s 30 years.  90% of the United States iron ore passes through the Poe lock at Sault Ste. Marie, MI  The total drop in elevation from Lake Superior to the Atlantic Ocean is 597 feet  For every $100 Americans spend $20 is involved in cargo on GL-St.Lawrence Seaway http://www.great- lakes.net/teach/business/ship/ship_5.html

25.  http://techalive.mtu.edu/glmri/images/lock. gif http://techalive.mtu.edu/glmri/images/lock. gif http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=soo+locks+images&id=695496971D FACF4542EE31DF3651832BCCF51771&FORM=IQFRBA#view=detail&id=95FBA 73F9597490362CA04C29A1F16F175BD8D36&selectedIndex=6

26. Haen, Dean. Manager of Port of Green Bay, July 23, 2013 Hawker, J. Scott and Winebrake, James. (September 2009). GLMRI University Affiliates Meeting, Duluth, MN. ww.glmri.org/downloads/2009Reports/affiliates Mtg/Winbrake&Hawker.pdfww.glmri.org/downloads/2009Reports/affiliates Mtg/Winbrake&Hawker.pdf Research and Traffic Group. (January 2013). Environmental and Social Impacts of Marine Transport. www.greatlakes- seaway.com/en/pdf/Impacts-Full_En.pdf The Environmental and Social Impacts of Marine Transport in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Seaway Region (PDF, 28 pages)