1. State of the Art Gas Absorption Technologies May 5, 20091 CANSOLV TECHNOLOGIES INC. www.cansolv.com CANSOLV SO 2 SCRUBBING SYSTEM: Review of Commercial Applications for Smelter SO 2 Emissions Control Presented at: The Southern African Institute of Mining & Metallurgy ZAMBIA By: Valérie Léveillé, Eng.

2. State of the Art Gas Absorption Technologies May 5, 20092 Outline 1. Overview of CTI; 2. Description of the SO 2 technology; 3. Review of commercial applications; 4. Integration to smelter emissions management.

3. State of the Art Gas Absorption Technologies May 5, 20093 Corporate Profile Cansolv Technologies Inc. (CTI) founded in 1997 Cansolv Technologies Inc. (CTI) founded in 1997 –Headquarters in Montreal, Canada –Technology acquired from Union Carbide Cansolv Technologies Shenzhen (CTS) founded in 2004 Cansolv Technologies Shenzhen (CTS) founded in 2004 –Chinese subsidiary for Sales/Marketing & Procurement in Asia Acquisition by Shell Global Solutions in December 2008 Acquisition by Shell Global Solutions in December 2008 Chemical Initiatives appointed agents for Africa 2009 Chemical Initiatives appointed agents for Africa 2009

4. State of the Art Gas Absorption Technologies May 5, 20094 Corporate Profile SO 2 Technology SO 2 Technology –9 Cansolv SO 2 Scrubbing units in operation; –5 Cansolv SO 2 Scrubbing units to start-up in 2009; –5 Cansolv SO 2 Scrubbing units to start-up in 2010; CO 2 Technology CO 2 Technology –3 Cansolv CO 2 Capture demo plants in detailed engineering –Successful demonstration in 6 piloting campaigns

5. State of the Art Gas Absorption Technologies May 5, 20095 CANSOLV ® SO 2 Scrubbing System A regenerable SO 2 absorption process A regenerable SO 2 absorption process Similar to H 2 S/CO 2 amine treater units Similar to H 2 S/CO 2 amine treater units Aqueous diamine absorbent is highly selective for SO 2 Aqueous diamine absorbent is highly selective for SO 2 Pure, water- saturated SO 2 byproduct Pure, water- saturated SO 2 byproduct Robust, easy to operate process with low emissions Robust, easy to operate process with low emissions Handles gas with varying SO 2 concentrations Handles gas with varying SO 2 concentrations High tolerance for dust and SO 3 /acid mist in gas High tolerance for dust and SO 3 /acid mist in gas

6. State of the Art Gas Absorption Technologies May 5, 20096

7. State of the Art Gas Absorption Technologies May 5, 20097 Amine Characteristics Amine developed for oxidised environments Amine developed for oxidised environments –Oxidation degradation losses per year < 2% of annual inventory Very low amine volatility (ppb levels) Very low amine volatility (ppb levels) –Amine in salt form  undetectable losses with treated gas High tolerance for dust ingress High tolerance for dust ingress High tolerance for strong acid ingress High tolerance for strong acid ingress

8. State of the Art Gas Absorption Technologies May 5, 20098 SO 2 Product Management SO 2 by-product is high purity SO 2 by-product is high purity –99.9% SO 2 dry basis, balance composed of traces of CO 2, N 2, O 2 –Food grade quality SO 2 product demonstrated SO 2 product handling: SO 2 product handling: –Return to new/existing sulphuric acid plant; –Return to existing sulphur recovery unit; –Compress and liquefy; –Convert to bisulfite

9. State of the Art Gas Absorption Technologies May 5, 20099 How CTI Customers Handle By-Product By-Product Profile

10. State of the Art Gas Absorption Technologies May 5, 200910 Commercial Units – Metallurgical and Acid Plant Applications ApplicationLocationFlow (Nm 3 /hr) By-ProductFeed SO 2 Conc. SO 2 Emissions Status SARP Acid Plant N/S America 40,000H2SO4(existing) 5,000 ppm 15 ppm Operating (s/u 2002) Lead Smelter Asia-Pacific34,000H2SO4(existing) 0.1 – 12.5% 90 ppm Operating (s/u 2005) Copper Anode Furnace Asia-Pacific43,000H2SO4(existing) 0.09 – 2% 50 ppm Operating (s/u 2007) Catalyst recovery roaster N/S America 48,000 Liquid SO2/Bisulfite (new) 9100 ppm 100 ppm Operating (s/u 2008) Sinter Machine (secondary) Asia-Pacific350,000H2SO4(existing) 2400 ppm 140 ppm Start-up Sinter Machine (primary) Asia-Pacific 2 x 510,000 H2SO4(new) 800 ppm 40 ppm Start-Up Lead Smelter + AP Asia-Pacific83,000H2SO4(new) 0.1 – 8% 140 ppm Construction (s/u 2009)

11. State of the Art Gas Absorption Technologies May 5, 200911 Active Projects – Non ferrous and Acid Plant Applications ApplicationLocationFlow (Nm 3 /hr) By- Product Feed SO 2 Conc. SO 2 Emissions Status Copper Smelter Furnace Asia- Pacific 95,000sulphur(new)15-30% 250 ppm Engineering Nickel Smelter Converter + Furnace N/S America 100,000 H2SO4 (existing) 0.1 – 3% 200 ppm Engineering (piloting campaign 2007) Lead Sinter Machine Asia- Pacific 265,000H2SO4(new) 1 – 2% 200 ppm Engineering (piloting campaign 2008) Copper Smelter Converters N/S America 600,000 H2SO4 (existing) 4,000 ppm 200 ppm Engineering Fertilizer Acid Plant N/S America 160,000 H2SO4 (existing) 5,000 ppm 20 ppm Engineering

12. State of the Art Gas Absorption Technologies May 5, 200912 SARP Acid Plant Tail Gas Single absorption Single absorption Replace alkali scrubbing process Replace alkali scrubbing process Modular Plant Modular Plant –Absorber retrofit (FRP)

13. State of the Art Gas Absorption Technologies May 5, 200913 Lead Smelter Offgas Batch anode furnace Batch anode furnace Load levelling design Load levelling design –0.1 – 12% SO 2 –Constant SO 2 production SO 2 recycle to existing acid plant SO 2 recycle to existing acid plant –Main acid plant feed is roaster

14. State of the Art Gas Absorption Technologies May 5, 200914 Co-gen boiler flue gas 965,000 Nm 3 /hr 965,000 Nm 3 /hr –5 absorbers, 1 regenerator New sulphuric acid plant New sulphuric acid plant –Single absorption with Cansolv APTG

15. State of the Art Gas Absorption Technologies May 5, 200915 Key Advantages in Smelter Applications 1. Suitability to treat variable and dilute (<5%) SO 2 loads 2. Flexibility in gas cleaning design 3. Manage SO 2 from multiple sources at a single site

16. State of the Art Gas Absorption Technologies May 5, 200916 1.Treats Variable & Dilute SO 2 Load Load levelling design Load levelling design –Vary lean amine flow to SO 2 absorber –Constant rich amine flow to regenerator –Larger amine inventory Maintain SO 2 emissions Maintain SO 2 emissions Decouple variable nature of smelter gas from sulphuric acid production Decouple variable nature of smelter gas from sulphuric acid production –SO 2 product & Sulphuric acid production are continuous at constant flowrate –Eliminates need to burn sulphur to strengthen AP feed –Design capacity based on average smelter SO 2 load

17. State of the Art Gas Absorption Technologies May 5, 200917

18. State of the Art Gas Absorption Technologies May 5, 200918 2.Flexibility in gas cleaning design Amine has high tolerance for dust and SO 3 ingress Amine has high tolerance for dust and SO 3 ingress Optimise between gas cleaning and amine purification Optimise between gas cleaning and amine purification –Reduced gas cleaning increases amine purification required –Capital/operating cost advantages often favour amine purification

19. State of the Art Gas Absorption Technologies May 5, 200919 2.Flexibility in gas cleaning design

20. State of the Art Gas Absorption Technologies May 5, 200920 3.Manage SO 2 from multiple sources at a single site Multiple absorbers may be used with a single regenerator Multiple absorbers may be used with a single regenerator Several secondary sources: furnaces, converters Several secondary sources: furnaces, converters Acid plant tail gas has low SO 2 load vs. smelter Acid plant tail gas has low SO 2 load vs. smelter Leverage existing Cansolv plant to minimise capex Leverage existing Cansolv plant to minimise capex

21. State of the Art Gas Absorption Technologies May 5, 200921

22. State of the Art Gas Absorption Technologies May 5, 200922 Thank you!