1. Animation

2. Two major forms of animation Stop-motion animation – Model – Puppet – Claymation – Pixelation – Cut-out animation Cartoon or created animation – Cartoons – CGI

3. Animation has a long history Early visual toys Development of animation in early days of film – Gertie the Dinosaur Animated shorts – Felix the Cat – Mickey Mouse – Merrie Melodies

4. Disney During the 1930s Walt Disney’s animation studios came to dominate the commercial animation scene – Turned to feature-length films after Snow White – Naturalism Shorts were often produced by Warner Bros, Fleischer, others – More abstract

5. UPA Very abstract Limited animation – Cheaper

6. Cartoon animation At first, all pictures were hand-drawn completely Cel process – Portion of the picture that moves is drawn on plastic sheet, background remains steady – As animation progressed, multiple cel layers were developed

7. Cartoon animation Developed a system (Disney perfected) where main animators would produce “key frames” or pictures that occurred at most important moments of action, then “tweeners” would produce the pictures that occurred between the key frames

8. Rotoscoping To improve the naturalness of the motion, the device projected actual photos onto a light table where they were traced and the outline was then filled in with cartoon character – Used in Snow White to make her movements more realistic

9. Abstract animation Many animators do not want to present animation as though it were real—want the art of the visual and the audio to be retained – Fantasia – Abstract independent animation

10. Stop motion Take picture, move object, take picture – Painstaking process – Can look jerky – Models can have mechanical problems May need multiple models/puppets, etc.

11. Stop motion Melies King Kong Gumby Wallace and Gromit