1. The Dawn of Genetic Testing Rachel Wilson

2. Stance Prenatal genetic testing has the potential to create a eugenic society, and should be used with care and objectivity.

3. Eugenics Measures intended to improve the qualities of a human population by control of inherited characteristics. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=48- hnujqpoA&feature=fvst http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lP1cCjB kWZU&feature=related

4. Ancient Eugenics 800 B.C.- The Spartan culture inspected each newborn to determine if they would be of value to society. By the start of the first millennium, only 1,000 adult Spartan males remained.

5. Modern Eugenics 1798- Rise of Malthusianism 1800’s- “Idiot asylums” appear in the U.S. 1883- Francis Galton 1899- Dr. Harry Sharp 1907- Involuntary sterilization legalized in Indiana 1924- Immigration Restriction Act

6. Modern Eugenics 1927- Buck v. Bell 1945- End of WWII, as many as six million people had been killed as a result of Hitler’s Final Solution. 1985- South Carolina is the last state to repeal its sterilization laws 1989- Human Genome Project

8. Beginnings of Genetics 1866- Mendel 1953- Structure of DNA discovered

9. Prenatal Genetic Testing Any number of screening and diagnostic tests that can be done during pregnancy in order to detect genetic disorders. Least invasive 1 st Trimester: CVS and first trimester screen 2 nd Trimester: Amniocentesis, cordocentesis, quad screen 3 rd Trimester: BPP and non-stress test

10. Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis An assisted reproductive technology that allows an embryo to be tested for genetic abnormalities and is used in conjunction with IVF treatments so that the healthiest embryos can be selected for implantation. Uses: identify disease, identify chromosomal abnormalities, identify pre-dispositions for late onset diseases (controversial), Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) matching

11. Genetics, Prenatal Testing, and PGD 1790- First case of artificial insemination 1884- First successful sperm donation 1954- First legal case heard in Illinois 1961- PKU 1978- Louise Brown is born 1983- Huntington’s 1990- PGD used for the first time

12. Normal IVF Process IVF process interrupted for PGD

13. Achondroplasia Adenosine deaminase deficiency Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency Alzheimer's disease (AAP gene) Beta thalasemia Cystic fibrosis Epidermolysis bullosa Fanconi anemia Gaucher's disease Hemophilia A and B Huntington's disease Muscular dystrophy (Duchenne and Becker) Myotonic dystrophy Neurofibromatosis type I OTC deficiency P53 cancers Phenylketonuria Retinitis pigmentosa Sickle cell disease Spinal muscular atrophy Tay Sachs disease Any genetically abnormal embryos (i.e. Trisomy 21, 13.)

14. Other Concerns Affect on abortion Abortion rates in China Financials Use for detecting late-onset diseases Religious and ethical concerns Lack of legal cases

16. Future Too personal, objectivity is difficult The laws and society need to catch up