1. Teknik Produksi dan Penyiaran Program Radio Kelompok Teknologi Informasi dan komunikasi Penyusun : Ahadiat,S.STDadang Abdurrakhman,S.Pd Drs.Liliek Julianto Taufan Adhiwiranto, S.sos Agus Nuryaman APPLYING BASIC OF ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

2. APPLYING BASIC OF ANALOG AND DIGITAL ELECTRONICS APPLYING ELECTRICITY THEORY

3. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 3Structure of the Atom STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM N N N N N N N N

4. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 4Structure of the Atom STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM  Atom is the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element  Atom contains proton, neutron, and electron  All the materials we know, including solids, liquids and gases, contain two basic particles of electric charge: the electron and the proton.

5. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 5 STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM  The electron is the smallest particle of electric charge having the characteristic called negative polarity.  The proton is the smallest particle of electric charge having the characteristic called positive polarity.  Neutron have no net charge. Menerapkan Teori Dasar Kelistrikan

6. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 6Structure of the Atom STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM OrbitNeutron Nucleus Proton Electron

7. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 7Structure of the Atom STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM  Electrons are distributed in orbital rings around the nucleus.  The distribution of electrons determines the atom’s electrical stability.  The electrons in the orbital ring farthest from the nucleus are especially important.

8. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 8 STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM  If electrons in the outermost ring escape from the atom they become free electrons.  Free electrons can move from one atom to the next and are the basis of electric current. Menerapkan Teori Dasar Kelistrikan

9. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 9Structure of the Atom STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM  When electrons in the outermost ring of an atom can move easily from one atom to the next in a material, the material is called a conductor. Examples of conductors include: –silver –copper –aluminum

10. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 10Structure of the Atom STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM  When electrons in the outermost ring of an atom do not move about easily, but instead stay in their orbits, the material is called an insulator. Examples of insulators include: »glass »plastic »rubber

11. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 11Structure of the Atom STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM  Semiconductors are materials that are neither good conductors nor good insulators. Examples of semiconductors include: –carbon –silicon. –germanium

12. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 12Electric Charge ELECTRIC CHARGE  Most common applications of electricity require the charge of billions of electrons or protons.  1 coulomb (C) is equal to the quantity (Q) of 6.25 × 10 18 electrons or protons.  The symbol for electric charge is Q or q, for quantity.

13. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 13Electric Charge ELECTRIC CHARGE  Negative and Positive Polarities  Charges of the same polarity tend to repel each other.  Charges of opposite polarity tend to attract each other.  Electrons tend to move toward protons because electrons have a much smaller mass than protons.

14. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 14 ELECTRIC CHARGE  An electric charge can have either negative or positive polarity. An object with more electrons than protons has a net negative charge (-Q) whereas an object with more protons than electrons has a net positive charge (+Q).  An object with an equal number of electrons and protons is considered electrically neutral (Q = 0C) Menerapkan Teori Dasar Kelistrikan

15. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 15Electric Charge ELECTRIC CHARGE  Physical Force between Electric charge

16. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 16Electric Charge ELECTRIC CHARGE  Charge of an Electron  The charge of a single electron, or Q e, is 0.16 × 10 −18 C.  It is expressed −Q e = 0.16 × 10 −18 C (−Q e indicates the charge is negative.)  The charge of a single proton, Q P, is also equal to 0.16 × 10 −18 C.  However, its polarity is positive instead of negative.

17. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 17The Volt Unit of Potential Difference THE VOLT UNIT OF POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE  Potential refers to the possibility of doing work.  Any charge has the potential to do the work of moving another charge, either by attraction or repulsion.  Two unlike charges have a difference of potential.  Potential difference is often abbreviated PD.  The volt is the unit of potential difference.  Potential difference is also called voltage.

18. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 18The Volt Unit of Potential Difference THE VOLT UNIT OF POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE TThe volt is a measure of the amount of work or energy needed to move an electric charge. TThe metric unit of work or energy is the joule (J). One joule = 0.7376 ft·lbs. TThe potential difference (or voltage) between two points equals 1 volt when 1 J of energy is expended in moving 1 C of charge between those two points. 1 V = 1 J / 1 C 9joules coulomb 9joules coulomb 9joules coulomb

19. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 19Electric Current ELECTRIC CURRENT  When the potential difference between two charges causes a third charge to move, the charge in motion is an electric current.  Current is a continuous flow of electric charges such as electrons.

20. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 20Electric Current ELECTRIC CURRENT Potential difference across two ends of wire conductor causes drift of free electrons throughout the wire to produce electric current. PENGHANTAR CURRENT FLOW ELECTRON FLOW

21. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 21Electric Current ELECTRIC CURRENT  The amount of current is dependent on the amount of voltage applied.  The greater the amount of applied voltage, the greater the number of free electrons that can be made to move, producing more charge in motion, and therefore a larger value of current.  Current can be defined as the rate of flow of electric charge. The unit of measure for electric current is the ampere (A).  1 A = 6.25 × 10 18 electrons (1C) flowing past a given point each second, or 1A= 1C/s.  The letter symbol for current is I or i, for intensity.

22. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 22Resistance RESISTANCE  Resistance is the opposition to the flow of current.  A component manufactured to have a specific value of resistance is called a resistor. Conductors, like copper or silver, have very low resistance. Insulators, like glass and rubber, have very high resistance.  The unit of resistance is the ohm (Ω).  The symbol for resistance is R.

23. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 23Resistance RESISTANCE Resistor and Schematic Symbols

24. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 24Types of Resistor TYPES OF RESISTO R Types of Resistors  Wire-wound resistors  Carbon-composition resistors  Film-type resistors Carbon film Metal film  Surface-mount resistors (chip resistors)  Fusible resistors  Thermistors

25. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 25Types of Resistor TYPES OF RESISTOR Wire Wound Resistor  Special resistance wire is wrapped around an insulating core, typically porcelain, cement, or pressed paper.  These resistors are typically used for high- current applications with low resistance and appreciable power.

26. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 26Types of Resistor TYPES OF RESISTOR Carbon Composition Resistors  Made of carbon or graphite mixed with a powdered insulating material.  Metal caps with tinned copper wire (called axial leads) are joined to the ends of the carbon resistance element. They are used for soldering the connections into a circuit.  Becoming obsolete because of the development of carbon-film resistors.

27. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 27Types of Resistor TYPES OF RESISTOR Carbon Film Resistors  Compared to carbon composition resistors, carbon-film resistors have tighter tolerances, are less sensitive to temperature changes and aging, and generate less noise.

28. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 28Types of Resistor TYPES OF RESISTOR Metal Film Resistors  Metal film resistors have very tight tolerances, are less sensitive to temperature changes and aging, and generate less noise.

29. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 29Types of Resistor TYPES OF RESISTOR Surface-Mount Resistors (also called chip resistors)  These resistors are: Temperature-stable and rugged Their end electrodes are soldered directly to a circuit board. Much smaller than conventional resistors with axial leads.

30. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 30Types of Resistor TYPES OF RESISTOR Fusible Resistors:  Fusible resistors are wire-wound resistors made to burn open easily when the power rating is exceeded. They serve a dual function as both a fuse and a resistor.

31. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 31Types of Resistor TYPES OF RESISTOR Thermistors:  Thermistors are temperature- sensitive resistors whose resistance value changes with changes in operating temperature.  Used in electronic circuits where temperature measurement, control, and compensation are desired.

32. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 32Resistor Color Coding RESISTOR COLOR CODING  Carbon resistors are small, so their R value in ohms is marked using a color-coding system.  Colors represent numerical values.  Coding is standardized by the Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA).

33. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 33Resistor Color Coding RESISTOR COLOR CODING Resistor Color Code 0 Black 1 Brown 2 Red 3 Orange 4 Yellow 5 Green 6 Blue 7 Violet 8 Gray 9 White Color Code

34. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 34Resistor Color Coding RESISTOR COLOR CODING Resistors under 10 Ω:  The multiplier band is either gold or silver. For gold, multiply by 0.1. For silver, multiply by 0.01.

35. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 35Resistor Color Coding RESISTOR COLOR CODING  Applying the Color Code  The amount by which the actual R can differ from the color-coded value is its tolerance. Tolerance is usually stated in percentages. Yellow = 4

36. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 36Resistor Color Coding RESISTOR COLOR CODING  What is the nominal value and permissible ohmic range for each resistor shown? 1 k  (950 to 1050  ) 390  (370.5 to 409.5  ) 22 k  (20.9 to 23.1 k  ) 1 M  (950 k  to 1.05 M  )

37. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 37Resistor Color Coding RESISTOR COLOR CODING  Five-Band Color Code  Precision resistors often use a five-band code to obtain more accurate R values.  The first three stripes indicate the first 3 digits in the R value.  The fourth stripe is the multiplier.  The tolerance is given by the fifth stripe. Brown = 1% Red = 2% Green = 0.5% Blue = 0.25% Violet = 0.1%.

38. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 38Resistor Color Coding RESISTOR COLOR CODING Zero-Ohm Resistor  Has zero ohms of resistance.  Used for connecting two points on a printed-circuit board.  Body has a single black band around it.  Wattage ratings are typically 1/8- or 1/4-watt.

39. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 39Variable Resistor VARIABLE RESISTOR  A variable resistor is a resistor whose resistance value can be changed.

40. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 40Variable Resistor VARIABLE RESISTOR Rheostats and potentiometers are variable resistances used to vary the amount of current or voltage in a circuit.  Rheostats: Two terminals. Connected in series with the load and the voltage source. Varies the current.

41. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 41Variable Resistor VARIABLE RESISTOR  Potentiometers: Three terminals. Ends connected across the voltage source. Third variable arm taps off part of the voltage.

42. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 42Variable Resistor VARIABLE RESISTOR

43. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 43Variable Resistor VARIABLE RESISTOR Using a Rheostat to Control Current Flow  The rheostat must have a wattage rating high enough for the maximum I when R is minimum.

44. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 44Variable Resistor VARIABLE RESISTOR Potentiometers  Potentiometers are three- terminal devices.  The applied V is input to the two end terminals of the potentiometer.  The variable V is output between the variable arm and an end terminal.

45. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 45OHM’S LAW OHM’S LAW  There are three forms of Ohm’s Law: V = IR I = V/R R = V/I  where: I = Current V = Voltage R = Resistance V IR

46. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 46OHM’S LAW OHM’S LAW  The three forms of Ohm’s law can be used to define the practical units of current, voltage, and resistance: 1 ampere = 1 volt / 1 ohm 1 volt = 1 ampere × 1 ohm 1 ohm = 1 volt / 1 ampere

47. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 47OHM’S LAW ? 20 V 4  I = 20 V 4  = 5 A 1 A ? 12  V = 1A × 12  = 12 V 3 A 6 V? R = 6 V 3 A = 2  Applying Ohm’s Law V IR

48. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 48Electric Power ELECTRIC POWER  The basic unit of power is the watt (W). Multiple units of power are: –Kilowatt (KW): 1000 Watts or 10 3 W –Megawatt (MW): 1 Million Watts or 10 6 W Submultiple units of power are: –milliwatt (mW): 1-thousandth of a watt or 10 -3 W –microwatt (μW): 1-millionth of a watt or 10 -6 W

49. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 49Electric Power ELECTRIC POWER  Work and energy are basically the same, with identical units.  Power is different. It is the time rate of doing work. Power = work / time. Work = power × time.

50. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 50Electric Power ELECTRIC POWER Practical Units of Power and Work:  The rate at which work is done (power) equals the product of voltage and current. This is derived as follows:  First, recall that: 1 volt = 1 coulomb 1 joule 1 coulomb 1 second 1 ampere =and

51. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 51Electric Power ELECTRIC POWER Power = Volts × Amps, or P = V × I Power (1 watt) = 1 joule 1 coulomb × 1 second 1 joule 1 second =

52. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 52Electric Power ELECTRIC POWER There are three basic power formulas, but each can be in three forms for nine combinations.

53. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 53Electric Power ELECTRIC POWER Applying Power Formulas: 20 V 4  5 A P = VI = 20 × 5 = 100 W P = I 2 R = 25 × 4 = 100 W P = V2V2 R = 400 4 = 100 W

54. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 54Menerapkan Teori Dasar Kelistrikan CAPACITANCE Battery Capacitor Unit = Farad Pico Farad - pF = 10 -12 F Micro Farad - uF = 10 -6 F A capacitor is used to store charge for a short amount of time

55. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 55Menerapkan Teori Dasar Kelistrikan CAPACITANCE

56. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 56Menerapkan Teori Dasar Kelistrikan CAPACITOR CHARGING

57. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 57Menerapkan Teori Dasar Kelistrikan CAPACITOR DISCHARGE

58. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 58Menerapkan Teori Dasar Kelistrikan INDUCTANCE

59. Information and Communication Technology Hal.: 59Menerapkan Teori Dasar Kelistrikan INDUCTANCE