1. Interatomic Binding Quark binding in nuclear particles Radioactive β-decay Celestial mechanics, Structure of the universe Atomic forces, binding, Optics, electricity,... Binding between atoms derives from electrical attraction and repulsion Click here for a link to CERN

2. binding total (free) energy of the solid < sum of (free) energy of its individual, separated atoms solid energy free temperature change can change the structure Example: BaTiO 3 Click for information regarding thermodynamic potentials

3. Van der Waals Bond Weak interaction 0.2 eV/atom typically Van der Waals interaction masked by stronger interactions, always present but solid inert gases Graphite strong covalent bonding Van der Waals bond Solid lubricant

4. + + - + d p for Interaction energy: Snapshot at t=t’ +

6. Repulsive contribution due to Pauli exclusion principle Pauli exclusion principle: Two electrons (identical fermions) can't be in the same quantum state or total wave function of the many electron system has to be antisymmetric Electron has to leave the ground state Energy increase Repulsive interaction Click for more information Wolfgang Pauli