1. © 2003-2008 ZHAW Prof. Hans Weibel, Zurich University of Applied Sciences hans.weibel@zhaw.ch Synchronization over Ethernet Standard for a Precision Clock Synchronization Protocol according to IEEE 1588 Synchronous Ethernet according to ITU-T G.8261

2. © ZHAW / H. Weibel, 15.2.2008 CERN_Sync_Workshop.ppt / Folie 2 Who is ZHAW – Zurich University of Applied Sciences? The School of Engineering is a department of the Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW) ZHAW‘s Institute of Embedded Systems has a strong commitment to industrial communications in general and to Ethernet in particular, e.g. Real-time Ethernet (Ethernet Powerling, ProfiNet, etc.) Synchronization (IEEE 1588) High-availability Ethernet add-ons (MRP, PRP, etc.) The related R&D activities and services include Hardware assistance and off-load (IP) Protocol stacks Support Engineering and consultancy

3. © ZHAW / H. Weibel, 15.2.2008 CERN_Sync_Workshop.ppt / Folie 3 Preliminary remark only Ethernet solutions are taken into account in this presentation (according to workshop planning) this requires some compromises to be accepted the big advantage to be exploited is that the same infrastructure can be used for both data transmission and synchronization

4. © ZHAW / H. Weibel, 15.2.2008 CERN_Sync_Workshop.ppt / Folie 4 The Standard IEEE 1588

5. © ZHAW / H. Weibel, 15.2.2008 CERN_Sync_Workshop.ppt / Folie 5 The Standard IEEE 1588 PTP Message Exchange UDP IP MAC Phy PTP UDP IP MAC Phy   Master Clock Slave Clock Delay and Jitter Protocol Stack Delay and Jitter Network Delay and Jitter Protocol Stack Network PTP MII PTPPrecision Time Protocol (Application Layer) UDPUser Datagram Protocol (Transport Layer) IPInternet Protocol (Network Layer) MACMedia Access Control PhyPhysical Layer optional

6. © ZHAW / H. Weibel, 15.2.2008 CERN_Sync_Workshop.ppt / Folie 6 The Standard IEEE 1588 Determination of Phase Change Rate (Drift) – one step Sync(t 0 k ) t0kt0k t1kt1k Master ClockSlave Clock 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 38 Sync(t 0 k+1 ) t 0 k+1 t 1 k+1 Δ0Δ0 Δ1Δ1 Δ 0 = t 0 k+1 - t 0 k Δ 1 = t 1 k+1 - t 1 k Drift = Δ 1 - Δ 0 Δ 1

7. © ZHAW / H. Weibel, 15.2.2008 CERN_Sync_Workshop.ppt / Folie 7 The Standard IEEE 1588 Determination of Phase Change Rate (Drift) – two step Follow_up(t 0 k ) Sync() t0kt0k t1kt1k Master ClockSlave Clock 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 38 Sync() t 0 k+1 Follow_up(t 0 k+1 ) t 1 k+1 Δ 0 = t 0 k+1 - t 0 k Δ 1 = t 1 k+1 - t 1 k Drift = Δ 1 - Δ 0 Δ 1 Δ0Δ0 Δ1Δ1

8. © ZHAW / H. Weibel, 15.2.2008 CERN_Sync_Workshop.ppt / Folie 8 The Standard IEEE 1588 Determination of Delay and Offset Follow_up(t 0 ) Sync(t 0 ) t0t0 Delay_Resp(t 3 ) t 3 = t 2 -O+D apparent concurrency O = Offset = Clocks Slave – Clocks Master Delay_Req() t3t3 t2t2 B measured values t 0, t 1, t 2, t 3 A = t 1 -t 0 = D+O B = t 3 -t 2 = D-O Delay D = Offset O = A + B 2 A - B 2 t 1 = t 0 +D+O A O D = Delay Master ClockSlave Clock 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60 62 38

9. © ZHAW / H. Weibel, 15.2.2008 CERN_Sync_Workshop.ppt / Folie 9 The Standard IEEE 1588 Boundary Clock copes with the Network‘s Delay Fluctuations PTP UDP IP MAC Phy PTP UDP IP MAC Phy   MAC Phy MAC Phy Switch with Boundary ClockMaster ClockSlave Clock Switching Function PTP UDP IP  Slave PTP UDP IP Master

10. © ZHAW / H. Weibel, 15.2.2008 CERN_Sync_Workshop.ppt / Folie 10 The Standard IEEE 1588 Topology and „Best Master Clock“ M M S MM M S MM S SSSS Ordinary Clock, Grandmaster: clock selected as „best Master“ (selection based on comparison of clock descriptors) Ordinary Clock Boundary Clock, e.g. Ethernet switch S: Port in Slave State M: Port in Master State

11. © ZHAW / H. Weibel, 15.2.2008 CERN_Sync_Workshop.ppt / Folie 11 The Standard IEEE 1588 Version 2 Transparent Clock Delay_Resp(t 3, ∑corr) Time Stamping Master Clock Slave Clock t t t0t0 Sync(t 0, corr) t1t1 Delay_Req(corr + Δ r ) t3t3 t2t2 Sync(t 0, corr + Δ s ) Delay_Req(corr) ΔsΔs ΔrΔr Transparent Clock Δ Residence Time Follow_up(t 0 )

12. © ZHAW / H. Weibel, 15.2.2008 CERN_Sync_Workshop.ppt / Folie 12 The Standard IEEE 1588 Version 2 Transparent Clock – End-to-End Delay Measurement M S S S S S Sync Stream e2e Delay Measurement TC

13. © ZHAW / H. Weibel, 15.2.2008 CERN_Sync_Workshop.ppt / Folie 13 The Standard IEEE 1588 Version 2 Transparent Clock – Peer-to-Peer Delay Measurement M S S S S S TC Sync Stream p2p Delay Measurement

14. © ZHAW / H. Weibel, 15.2.2008 CERN_Sync_Workshop.ppt / Folie 14 The Standard IEEE 1588 Limits Timestamp quantization effects Accuracy of Start-of-Frame Detection Unknown portion of data path asymmetries in cables and transceivers Jitter in the data path (PHY chips, network elements) Environmental conditions Oscillator instabilities Implementation specific effects (e.g. phase between different asynchronous clock domains of all involved functional building blocks) Note: Uncertainty due to limited observation capabilities (e.g. the PPS output is subject of quantization effects as well)  Stochastic effects can be filtered out with statistical methods  Systematic errors remain

15. © ZHAW / H. Weibel, 15.2.2008 CERN_Sync_Workshop.ppt / Folie 15 The Standard IEEE 1588 Industry Relevance PTP is or will be applied in application areas such as Test and Measurement (LXI: LAN eXtensions for Instrumentation) Automation and control systems (various flavors of real-time Ethernets) Audio/Video Bridge (AVB according to IEEE 802.1as) Telecommunications Silicon vendors and IP providers offer Protocol software Hardware assistance IPs PHYs with hardware assistance logic IEEE-1588 enabled microcontrollers Switching cores with IEEE-1588 support

16. © ZHAW / H. Weibel, 15.2.2008 CERN_Sync_Workshop.ppt / Folie 16 Synchronous Ethernet

17. © ZHAW / H. Weibel, 15.2.2008 CERN_Sync_Workshop.ppt / Folie 17 Synchronous Ethernet Physical Layer Timing in Legacy Ethernet Ethernet works perfectly well with relatively inaccurate clocks Each Ethernet link may use its own clock nominal clock rate is the same, but deviations of ± 50 ppm are allowed (dimensioning such that physical layer buffers do not underflow or overflow) Details differ according to transmission technology where the two directions of a link use different media (i.e. separate wire pairs or separate fibers), both directions may have independent clocks GBE over twisted pair uses all wire pairs simultaneously in both directions  signal processing (echo compensation technique) requires same clock on both directions of a link  one PHY acts as the master, the other as slave

18. © ZHAW / H. Weibel, 15.2.2008 CERN_Sync_Workshop.ppt / Folie 18 Synchronous Ethernet Timing of a Fast Ethernet Link (100 Base-TX) RX_CLK 25 MHz ± 50 ppm TX_CLK RX_CLK PHYMACPHYMAC clk transmission line is driven by clk clk recovered from transmission line clk Symbol Cable

19. © ZHAW / H. Weibel, 15.2.2008 CERN_Sync_Workshop.ppt / Folie 19 Synchronous Ethernet Physical Layer Timing in Legacy Ethernet E E E E E E X X X X XX X X

20. © ZHAW / H. Weibel, 15.2.2008 CERN_Sync_Workshop.ppt / Folie 20 Synchronous Ethernet Timing of a Gigabit Ethernet Link (1000 Base-T) 1000 Base-T transmission is split on 4 wire pairs operation simultaneously in both directions transmitter and receiver are coupled via a hybrid echo compensation is applied both directions require the same clock A 1000 Base-T PHY can operate as a master or slave. Master/slave role selection is part of the auto-negotiation procedure. A prioritization scheme determines which device will be the master and which will be slave. The supplement to Std 802.3ab, 1999 Edition defines a resolution function to handle any conflicts: multiport devices have higher priority to become master than single port devices. if both devices are multiport devices, the one with higher seed bits becomes the master.

21. © ZHAW / H. Weibel, 15.2.2008 CERN_Sync_Workshop.ppt / Folie 21 Synchronous Ethernet 1000 Base-T uses 4 pairs simultaneously in both directions

22. © ZHAW / H. Weibel, 15.2.2008 CERN_Sync_Workshop.ppt / Folie 22 Synchronous Ethernet 1000 Base-T Pysical Layer Signalling with Echo Compensation

23. © ZHAW / H. Weibel, 15.2.2008 CERN_Sync_Workshop.ppt / Folie 23 Synchronous Ethernet Timing of a Gigabit Ethernet Link (1000Base-T) RX_CLK 25 MHz ± 50 ppm GTX_CLK RX_CLK PHYMACPHYMAC Master Slave The Master PHY uses the internal 125 MHz clock generated from CLOCK_IN to transmit data on the 4 wire pairs. The Slave PHY uses the clock recovered from the opposite PHY as the transmit clock. x5x5 CLOCK_IN Cable

24. © ZHAW / H. Weibel, 15.2.2008 CERN_Sync_Workshop.ppt / Folie 24 Synchronous Ethernet Concept - 1 Concept has been proposed, elaborated, and standardized by the Telco community in ITU-T by transferring the traditional SDH clock distribution concept to Ethernet networks The Primary Reference Clock (PRC) frequency is distributed on the physical layer a receiver can lock to the transmitter‘s frequency a switch selects the best available clock this results in a hierarchical clock distribution tree OAM messages (Synchronization Status Messages) are used to signal clock quality and sync failure conditions of the upstream switch to allow selection of the best available timing source (stratum of upstream source) to avoid timing loops

25. © ZHAW / H. Weibel, 15.2.2008 CERN_Sync_Workshop.ppt / Folie 25 Synchronous Ethernet Concept - 2 Active layer 2 data forwarding topology (as established by spanning tree protocol) and clock distribution tree are independent (i.e. a blocked port can deliver the clock to its neighboring switch) Design rules (topology restrictions, priorities for source selection) guarantee clock quality Clocking of Ethernet devices is changed in a way that is fully conforming with IEEE 802.3 standards Standard PHY chips can be used as long as a few conditions are met, e.g. PHY provides the recovered receive clock to the external world GBE PHY allows master/slave role to be set by software (no automatic selection)

26. © ZHAW / H. Weibel, 15.2.2008 CERN_Sync_Workshop.ppt / Folie 26 Synchronous Ethernet Clock Sources for a Synchronous Ethernet Switch Clock Selection / Regeneration Oscillator Ext-InExt-Out Port 1 Port 2 Port … Port n

27. © ZHAW / H. Weibel, 15.2.2008 CERN_Sync_Workshop.ppt / Folie 27 Synchronous Ethernet Physical Layer Timing in Synchronous Ethernet E E E E E E X X X X PRC X X X X PRC tracable clock (other links and directions are free running)

28. © ZHAW / H. Weibel, 15.2.2008 CERN_Sync_Workshop.ppt / Folie 28 Synchronous Ethernet Compared with IEEE 1588 Synchronous Ethernet Clock distribution based on Ethernet‘s physical layer Provides frequency only Performance is independent of data traffic IEEE 1588 Application layer protocol with hardware assistance Provides frequency and time of day May be susceptible to specific data traffic patterns Complementary technologies, can be used in combination: Syncronous Ethernet delivers accurate and stable frequency to all nodes while IEEE 1588 can deliver time of day, where required.

29. © ZHAW / H. Weibel, 15.2.2008 CERN_Sync_Workshop.ppt / Folie 29 Synchronous Ethernet Industry Relevance Telco equipment manufacturers rely on both technologies Synchronous Ethernet operation will certainly be an important feature in future carrier grade products Synchronous Ethernet’s role in corporate and industrial communication application is not yet forseeable Silicon vendors and IP providers offer Synchronous Ethernet compatible PHYs ICs for clock monitoring, selection, and processing

30. © ZHAW / H. Weibel, 15.2.2008 CERN_Sync_Workshop.ppt / Folie 30 Many thanks for your attention! hans.weibel@zhaw.ch Zurich University of Applied Sciences Institute of Embedded Systems http://ines.zhaw.ch/ieee1588 hans.weibel@zhaw.ch http://ines.zhaw.ch/ieee1588