1. Economic Causes of Confederation Central Canadian Self-interest or Grand Canadian Scheme?

2. Shortage of Land Upper Canada was out of good land in 1862 Upper Canada was out of good land in 1862 Canadian Shield difficult for farming and transportation Canadian Shield difficult for farming and transportation Emigration to the United States for farmland and from Lower Canada after the Rebellions Emigration to the United States for farmland and from Lower Canada after the Rebellions Rise in wages in the USA Rise in wages in the USA Lack of public works especially in Lower Canada Lack of public works especially in Lower Canada High prices of crown lands for farming High prices of crown lands for farming

3. Map of Canada West

4. Expansion to the North West George Brown of Upper Canada led the Canadian Reform Party based on Rep by pop, acquisition of the North West, free tradel and an end to gov’t financing of Railways George Brown of Upper Canada led the Canadian Reform Party based on Rep by pop, acquisition of the North West, free tradel and an end to gov’t financing of Railways Settle the North West before the Americans do Settle the North West before the Americans do

5. Canada in 1850

6. Railway Construction The challenge presented by the rapid construction of the American railroads to the Great Lakes and into the far west were economic, political and military The challenge presented by the rapid construction of the American railroads to the Great Lakes and into the far west were economic, political and military The Grand Trunk railway had received considerable sums of money from the Canadian gov’t The Grand Trunk railway had received considerable sums of money from the Canadian gov’t The Grand Trunk was too expansive and too expensive to depend solely on Canadian industry and population it needed to go from the Atlantic to the Pacific The Grand Trunk was too expansive and too expensive to depend solely on Canadian industry and population it needed to go from the Atlantic to the Pacific An inter-colonial railway was also discussed so as to relieve the dependence on American railways An inter-colonial railway was also discussed so as to relieve the dependence on American railways A.A. Dorion and George Brown were opposed A.A. Dorion and George Brown were opposed

7. Grand Trunk Railway

8. British Trade Policy The favourable reception of colonial products in the U.K. between 1815 and 1850 stimulated British North American economic expansion (mercantilism) The favourable reception of colonial products in the U.K. between 1815 and 1850 stimulated British North American economic expansion (mercantilism) Heavy industrialization in Britain led to the desire for Free trade Heavy industrialization in Britain led to the desire for Free trade The loss of colonial preference reduced Canada’s exports and caused an economic depression The loss of colonial preference reduced Canada’s exports and caused an economic depression Farmers abandoned farms for the American west, flour mills became idle and the railway boom came to a temporary halt Farmers abandoned farms for the American west, flour mills became idle and the railway boom came to a temporary halt Tories felt abandoned by the “Mother Country” Tories felt abandoned by the “Mother Country”

9. Canadian/American Trade Policy Canada needed to avoid American trade barriers in order to penetrate a new market for exports Canada needed to avoid American trade barriers in order to penetrate a new market for exports There was talk of annexation to the US especially in Upper Canada There was talk of annexation to the US especially in Upper Canada Fishing boundaries of 1818 were disputed by the Maritimes and the US, the US got wider privileges in exchange for Reciprocity for 10 years Fishing boundaries of 1818 were disputed by the Maritimes and the US, the US got wider privileges in exchange for Reciprocity for 10 years Goods entered freely and each got access to the other’s fisheries Goods entered freely and each got access to the other’s fisheries The Civil war and perceived greater benefit to Canada caused many Americans to want to repeal Reciprocity The Civil war and perceived greater benefit to Canada caused many Americans to want to repeal Reciprocity In 1865 the American Government gave notice of its intention to end Reciprocity In 1865 the American Government gave notice of its intention to end Reciprocity

10. The Maritimes

11. State of Colonial Trade The British North American colonies lost their protected market in Britain in the 1840s The British North American colonies lost their protected market in Britain in the 1840s Feared the Reciprocity treaty of 1854 with the U.S. might not be renewed Feared the Reciprocity treaty of 1854 with the U.S. might not be renewed Free trade between the colonies might help the economy Free trade between the colonies might help the economy Hostile tariffs were in place between the colonies Hostile tariffs were in place between the colonies A united Canada would be more attractive to investment and be better able to make commercial agreements with other countries A united Canada would be more attractive to investment and be better able to make commercial agreements with other countries

12. Economic Condition of Eastern Colonies Economic Golden Age for the Maritimes Economic Golden Age for the Maritimes Ship-building Ship-building Fisheries Fisheries Timber Timber For advocates of Confederation in the Atlantic Region, and Nova Scotia and New Brunswick in particular, union would ensure greater economic growth through secure markets and better railway links. For advocates of Confederation in the Atlantic Region, and Nova Scotia and New Brunswick in particular, union would ensure greater economic growth through secure markets and better railway links. Growth was strong, and the region had one of British North America's most extensive manufacturing sectors. Growth was strong, and the region had one of British North America's most extensive manufacturing sectors.

13. Economic Condition of Central Canada Manufacturing Manufacturing Industrialization Industrialization For Quebec and Ontario manufacturers, Confederation would, in addition to creating new markets, impose import duties that would help protect their industries from outside competition For Quebec and Ontario manufacturers, Confederation would, in addition to creating new markets, impose import duties that would help protect their industries from outside competition

14. Central Canadian Self-Interest or Grand Canadian Scheme? Shortage of land x Railway Construction x British Trade Policy x Canadian/ American Trade x State of Colonial Trade x Economics of Eastern Colonies x Economics of Central Canada x