1. Terrorism Mr. Craddock

2. What is Terrorism  US: premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents  UN: intention to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants with the purpose of intimidating a population or compelling a government or an international organization to do or abstain from doing any act.

3. Terrorism or Acts of Violence or War  North Ossetia  Lebanon  Sri Lanka  Pakistan  India  France  Dagestan,Russia  Burma  New York  Istanbul, Turkey  Elazig Province, Turkey  Texas  Guinea  Blacksburg  Seattle  Uzbekistan  Grozny, Russia  Kosovo  Cote d’Ivoire  Yemen

4. Origins of Terrorism  The first time use of terrorism occurred during the Reign of Terror following the French Revolution  The first known use of the term terrorist was in 1869 by Sergey Nechayev, who wrote the "Catechism of a Revolutionary", a program for the "merciless destruction" of society and the state. - The main principle of the "Catechism" — "the ends justify the means"Catechism of a RevolutionaryCatechismthe ends justify the means

5. Definition cont.  Terrorism generally can be confined to three concepts  Violence  Fear  Intimidation  It is almost always targeted in the most public way against civilians in order to draw attention to the act

6. Number of Terrorism Incidents, 2000-2008

7. Types of Terrorism  Domestic – acts against one’s own country (Oklahoma City)  International – acts that transcend national boundaries (9/11)  Subnational – acts committed by nongovernmental groups (Chechnya)  State – acts committed by agents of the government (Syria)

8. Oklahoma City Bombing

9. Types of Terrorism cont.  Bioterrorism – intentional release of toxic biological agents for the intent of terrorism  Cyberterrorism – usually an attack on information technology to disrupt an organization  Ecoterrorism – attacking disruptors of the environment in order to protect the environment.

10. Terrorist Groups  Basque Fatherland and Liberty (Spain)  Irish Republican Army (N. Ireland)  HAMAS (Palestine)  Hezbollah (Lebanon)  Palestinian Liberation Front (Palestine)  Sikh Terrorism (India)

11. Khalistan Basque

12. Palestinian State

13. Al Qaeda  Established in 1989 by Osama bin Laden  Is a fundamentalist organization seeking to rid Muslim nations of Westernization and secularism and replace with Theocracies.  Operates out of individual cells instead of as a formal organization.

14. Major Terrorist Incidents  9/11  Munich Olympic Massacre (1972)  Iran Hostage Crisis (1979-1981)  Beirut Bombing (1983)  Mumbai (2008)  School Hostages in Russia (2004)

18. Reactions to Terrorist Attacks  Reducing or addressing the cause of terrorism (Basque Spain)  Increasing international cooperation in surveillance of subnational groups (Arab Gulf States)  Increasing security measures within the country (United States)  Using military means against terrorism (United States)