1. Chapter 9 Key Terms TaxonomyDomain Binomial NomenclatureSpeciation MigrationAdaptation BaraminologyDerived Character Phylogenetic TreeGeographic Isolation Behavioral IsolationBiological Species Artificial Classification System 1

2. Biology Chapter 9 CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMS 2

3. Why Classify?  Taxonomy  The science of classifying organisms into groups  We classify organisms by putting them into groups with similar properties  Grouping them helps organize information about these organisms 3

4. Classification  Aristotle was the first to attempt classifying organisms  2 major groups: animals and plants  Plants were divided into trees, shrubs, herbs  Animals were divided into fish, birds, animals  Artificial Classification System  System for classifying organisms based on observable characteristics 4

5. Classification  Carolus Linnaeus  Proposed new system for classifying organisms  More flexible than Aristotle’s  As new species are discovered, scientists propose revisions to this system  Today’s system is a classification hierarchy 5

6. Classification 1. Each group on one level may be divided into several groups on the next layer 2. Each group in the hierarchy has various characteristics that all levels under the group possess 3. Each level of the hierarchy can be divided into smaller units before reaching the next lower level 6

7. Kingdoms 7  Kingdom Eubacteria  Most abundant organisms on the earth  Unicellular prokaryotic organisms  Contain peptidoglycan  Kingdom Archaebacteria  Also prokaryotic organisms  Do not contain peptidoglycan  Many are considered extremophiles

8. Kingdoms  Kingdom Protista  Protists are eukaryotic organisms that are not animals, plants, or fungus  Algae, protozoans, slime molds  Kingdom Fungi  Heterotrophic and feed on dead or decaying organic matter  Mushrooms, yeasts, mildews, molds 8

9. Kingdoms  Kingdom Plantae  Most are autotrophic and perform photosynthesis  Adults are usually stationary  Cells surrounded by cell walls  Kingdom Animalia  Heterotrophic, eukaryotic, multicellular organisms  Contain some means of locomotion  Insects, fish, worms, birds, mammals… 9

10. Scientific Names  A naming system had to be derived because different organisms can have the same name, and one organism can have several names  Binomial Nomenclature  Proposed by Carolus Linnaeus  2 name, naming system  Each organism is given a genus and species name specific to that organism  Uses Latin for names 10

11. Scientific Names  The scientific name for an organism uses the genus and species names  Name is always italicized if printed, underlined if hand written  Genus name is capitalized, species name is not  Ex. the genus for horse is Equus  Equus caballus is the common name for the common horse 11

12. Species  “A group of similar organisms”  Members of a species are structurally similar but do have a degree of variation  Members of a species can interbreed and produce viable and fertile offspring under natural conditions  Biological species  A group of individuals that resemble each other and can generally interbreed to produce fertile, viable offspring  Still does not give a complete definition for every species 12

13. Species  Speciation  Formation of new species  Does not create new information  Migration  Moving of organisms from one area to another  Geographic Isolation  Inability of organisms to breed due to physical separation  Behavioral Isolation  Inability of organisms to reproduce due to conflicting reproductive behaviors 13

14. Kinds  Biblical Kind  Organisms that are able to reproduce  Linnaeus thought he was using the same classification when referring to a species  Baraminology  Study of classification based on the idea of biblical kinds 14

15. Evolution  Phylogenetic Tree  Evolutionary diagrams that show the evolutionary path of an organism  Scientists try to show that the similarities are a result of common ancestors 15