1. United States and the War on Terror and Foreign Policy
What is Terrorism?
United States and the War on Terror and Foreign Policy

2. Terrorism and Conflict
Middle East Terrorism
State Sponsored Terrorism
Non-government Terrorism
Osama bin Laden
Al-Qaeda
9/11

3. Terrorism
An attack on government or civilian populations by a non-government entity
Sometimes state-sponsored
Roots in Middle East
1920 United States campaign in Saudi Arabia with oil production
Great wealth for leaders, but not all benefited
Middle East governments influenced by western views
Many felt views were against the teachings of Islam

4. Background of Terrorism
1949 state of Israel and Palestinian conflict
State sponsored terrorism by such nations as Libya, who paid, hired and trained terrorists
New Terrorism supported by individual wealth
Osama bin Laden rich Saudi Arabian family
Al-Qaeda “the base” in Arabic

5. Background to 9/11 1996 al-Qaeda Jihad 1996 Embassy Bombings
2000 Millennium Plots
Bombing of U.S.S. COLE

6. Background to 9/11

7. Kenya and Tanzania
1996 al-Qaeda or another name “World Islamic Front for Jihad Against Jews and Crusaders”
Bombed U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania
Kenya killed 212 and wounded 4,000
Tanzania killed 11 and wounded 85
“Operation Infinite Reach” in Sudan and Afghanistan in 1998 to find al-Qaeda

8. 2000 Millenium Plots “Attempted bombing of LA International Airport
Failed bombing plot of U.S.S. THE SULLIVANS
Failed Jordan bombing plot
Successful bombing of U.S.S. COLE in October 2000

9. September 11, 2001 Turning point after Cold War
U.S. complacent after Cold War ended
4 planes involved: 2 crashed into the World Trade Center Towers, 1 crashed into the Pentagon and 1 went down in Shanksville, Pennsylvania
Over 3,000 people were killed

10. Response to 9/11
Citizens viewed it national emergency, united together
Election of 2000 had divided nation
Willingness to cooperate, generous
Massive world support
Confusion of Ethnic backgrounds, race and religion
Small group attack, not thousands

11. Purpose of War on Terror
Response to September 11 attacks
Eliminate international terrorism
Global military, political, legal and ideological struggle against terrorists and regimes that support them
Focus on Islamic militants and al-Qaeda

12. Objectives Defeat terrorists: Osama bin Laden and their organizations
Identify, locate and destroy terrorists and organizations
Deny sponsorship, support and sanctuary to terrorists: end state sponsored terrorism, establish and maintain international accountability, strengthen weaker nations and work with willing and able states
Disrupt material support of terrorists
Diminish conditions that terrorists exploit
Defend U. S. citizens and interest at home and abroad

13. New Kind of War Cut off terrorist funding: freeze assets
Fight terrorism at home: Department of Homeland Security, USA Patriot Act
Bioterrorism strikes America soon after 9/11 with Anthrax in the mail

14. War on Terrorism Operation Active Endeavor October 2001
Operation Enduring Freedom: Afghanistan 2001-Present
Philippines 2002: 80% complete
Horn of Africa: 2002
Trans Sahara
Operation Iraqi Freedom 2003-present

15. Why a War in Aghanistan?
Taliban government in Afghanistan was friendly to al-Qaeda
U.S. supported Taliban in 1980s against the Soviet Union
Taliban after 9/11 unwilling to help U.S.

16. Taliban Sunni Islamic political movement
Governed Afghanistan from 1996 until 2001
Regrouped in 2004 as an insurgency movement at the local level
Headed by Mullah Mohammed Omar
2008 severed any ties with al-Qaeda

17. Present Afghanistan
President Obama does not call it War on Terror, but “Overseas Contingency Operations”
States U. S. at war with al-Qaeda

18. North-West Pakistan Areas

19. Why War in Iraq?
Get rid of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) that Saddam Hussein had developed
Saddam Hussein was taken out of power

20. USA Patriot Act
Sharing information between federal law enforcement agencies and intelligence services
Investigate suspected terrorists
Fear of violation of 4th Amendment of search and seizure

21. Axis of Evil
President Bush named countries that supported anti-U.S. activities as part of this in 2003
Iraq, Iran and North Korea
North Korea fringe nation wanting to develop nuclear buildup
Iraq at time had WMDs
Iran had taken U.S. hostages in 1979 before and believed to support terrorist activities

22. Prevented Terrorist Attacks Since 2001
2003 Plot to crash a plane into U.S. Bank in LA
2003 Plot to bomb Brooklyn Bridge
2004 Plot to bomb financial buildings: International Monetary Fund, World Bank and Washington DC sites and NY Stock Exchange
2004 Plot to bomb Columbus Shopping Mall in Columbus OH

23. Prevented Terrorist Attacks Since 2001
2006 Plot for transatlantic aircrafts: 10 from UK to US and Canada flights using liquid explosives
2006 Plot to bomb Sears Tower in Chicago, IL
2007 Plot to bomb Fort Dix, NJ: major troop processing point
2007 Plot to bomb JFK Airport in NY
2009 Plot to bomb plane on Christmas Day

24. Criticism for War on Terror
Many view it as US effort to control Middle East oil and dominate
Effectiveness is still ongoing
Fall of Taliban government
Destruction of al-Qaeda camps
War in N-W Pakistan still ongoing
New government in Iraq

25. U. S. Foreign Policy

26. U. S. Foreign Policy Largest economy of around $14.3 trillion
¼ of global Gross Domestic Product
Defense budget of around $711 billion
2/5 of global military spending
President is in charge of Foreign Policy
Secretary of State is the Foreign minister and key state-to-state negotiator
Secretary of Defense is military strategist

27. Secretary of State Hilliary Clinton
State Department policy is to create more secure, democratic and prosperous world
Benefits for American people and international community

28. House of Representatives
Controls funding
Policy to prevent spread of nuclear technology and hardware, encourage positive relations between countries, safeguard American businesses abroad
Promote international education and protect American citizens at home and abroad

29. Foreign Policy
U. S. tended to promote isolationism through 19th Century
20th Century global policy essential and international cooperation
NATO is largest military alliance with 28 nations

30. Current International Concerns
Oil
Foreign Aid
Military Aid
Missile Defense
War on Drugs
Terrorism
Often requires covert operations as well as diplomacy

31. Sources Photos: Microsoft Clip Art, Wikipedia www.ushistory.com
History Channel
Library of Congress